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Physical Review A

Sub-Doppler frequency-modulation spectroscopy of I2

Gary C. Bjorklund, M. D. Levenson

Published Jul 1, 1981• 67 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Frequency-modulation spectroscopy has been employed to monitor the absorption and dispersion changes induced by the optical saturation of nonzero velocity groups of ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ molecules. The use of a high modulation frequency markedly increases the sensitivity of this form of saturation spectroscopy and allows convenient access to molecular velocities well above the thermal average.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.24.166

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Frequency-modulation spectroscopy has been employed to monitor the absorption and dispersion changes induced by the optical saturation of nonzero velocity groups of I2{\mathrm{I}}_{2}I2​ molecules. The use of a high modulation frequency markedly increases the sensitivity of this form of saturation spectroscopy and allows convenient access to molecular velocities well above the thermal average.
We report the development of a simple method for eliminating coherent background noise and fluctuations from saturation spectroscopy signals. With this technique, which utilizes a traveling-wave acousto-optic modulator to simultaneously frequency-shift and modulate the saturating beam, we have routinely observed zero background, Doppler-free saturation resonances in the I2I_{2}I2​ at 514.5 nm. With a low-noise laser or high pump modulation frequency, we have achieved detection sensitivity approaching the fundamental quantum limit.
We study sub-Doppler saturation resonances at cesium molecular transitions in the absorption band B1Πu ← X1∑g+ near 780 nm by using a commercial diode laser. The saturation power is measured as low as 5.7 mW with the laser beam diameter of 0.1 cm. Optical saturation is associated with the optical pumping of molecular ground-state levels. The long relaxation time of ground-state levels could attract interest to electromagnetically induced transparency and quantum state memory in the molecular gas. We propose to use the molecular transitions as references for doubled-frequency sources in the communication band around 1550 nm.