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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Knotted vortex lines in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

J.-Q. Liang, Xiaochen Liu, Yulong Duan

Published Apr 1, 2009• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Knotted vortex lines in the spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates are studied. The Faddeev-Niemi model is considered, and it is found that naturally there exist topological vortex line structures in the condensates. We focus on the knotted vortex lines and examine their Faddeev-Niemi knot quantum number. It is shown that the Faddeev-Niemi number is identical to the sum of all the (self-)linking numbers of the knots family and is preserved during the branching processes of vortex lines.

DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/86/10008

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Knotted vortex lines in the spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates are studied. The Faddeev-Niemi model is considered, and it is found that naturally there exist topological vortex line structures in the condensates. We focus on the knotted vortex lines and examine their Faddeev-Niemi knot quantum number. It is shown that the Faddeev-Niemi number is identical to the sum of all the (self-)linking numbers of the knots family and is preserved during the branching processes of vortex lines.
We examine on the static and dynamical properties of quantum knots in a Bose-Einstein condensate. In particular, we consider the Gross-Pitaevskii model and revise a technique to construct ab initio the condensate wave-function of a generic torus knot. After analysing its excitation energy, we study its dynamics relating the topological parameter to its translational velocity and characteristic size. We also investigate the breaking mechanisms of non shape-preserving torus knots confirming an evidence of universal decaying behaviour previously observed.
We present a method for numerically building a vortex knot state in the superfluid wave function of a Bose-Einstein condensate. We integrate in time the governing Gross-Pitaevskii equation to determine evolution and shape preservation of the two (topologically) simplest vortex knots which can be wrapped over a torus. We find that the velocity of a vortex knot depends on the ratio of poloidal and toroidal radius: for smaller ratio, the knot travels faster. Finally, we show how vortex knots break up into vortex rings.
We demonstrate the existence of the helical vortex solution in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates which can be identified as a twisted vorticity flux. Based on this we argue that the recently proposed knot in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates can be interpreted as a vorticity knot, a vortex ring made of the helical vortex. This picture shows that the knot is made of two quantized vorticity fluxes linked together, whose topology π3(S2)π_3(S^2)π3​(S2) is fixed by the linking number of two vorticity fluxes. Due to the helical structure the knot has both topological and dynamical stability. We estimate the energy of the lightest knot to be about 3×10−3eV3\times 10^{-3} eV3×10−3eV.
The recent experimental creation of knotted solitons in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates opens an interesting avenue for exploring the stability and dynamics of knot solitons. Knotted and helical vortices can be accommodated in spin-orbit-coupled antiferromagnetic spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates. We demonstrate the stability of these topological structures via numerical simulations of the corresponding Gross-Pitaevskii equation. By changing the strength of the spin-orbit coupling, we find that the ground state undergoes a change from a knotted spin texture to a helical spin texture. Our results reveal that these types of topological object are experimentally realizable in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates.
We experimentally study the dynamics of quantum knots in a uniform magnetic field in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates. The knot is created in the polar magnetic phase, which rapidly undergoes a transition toward the ferromagnetic phase in the presence of the knot. The magnetic order becomes scrambled as the system evolves, and the knot disappears. Strikingly, over long evolution times, the knot decays into a polar-core spin vortex, which is a member of a class of singular SO(3) vortices. The polar-core spin vortex is stable with an observed lifetime comparable to that of the condensate itself. The structure is similar to that predicted to appear in the evolution of an isolated monopole defect, suggesting a possible universality in the observed topological transition.
© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. We examine the static and dynamic properties of quantum knots in a Bose-Einstein condensate. In particular, we consider the Gross-Pitaevskii model and revise a technique to construct ab initio the condensate wave-function of a generic torus knot. After analysing its excitation energy, we study its dynamics, relating the topological parameter to its translational velocity and characteristic size. We also investigate the breaking mechanisms of non shapepreserving torus knots, confirming an evidence of universal decaying behaviour previously observed.