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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

Generation of correlated photons via four-wave mixing in optical fibres

L J Wang, C. K. Hong, Stephen R. Friberg

Published Oct 1, 2001• 120 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Correlated photons have been used in quantum optics for the generation of squeezed light, demonstration of quantum interference effects, quantum cryptography, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments and most recently, quantum teleportation. Usually, they are generated using χ (2) parametric processes to take advantage of large χ (2) nonlinearities and to wavelength separate the correlated photons from the pump photons. Here, we examine the generation of correlated photons using χ (3) parametric processes in optical fibres. We show that using such processes provides a simple and inexpensive correlated photon source readily compatible with communications technologies.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/3/5/311

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Correlated photons have been used in quantum optics for the generation of squeezed light, demonstration of quantum interference effects, quantum cryptography, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments and most recently, quantum teleportation. Usually, they are generated using χ (2) parametric processes to take advantage of large χ (2) nonlinearities and to wavelength separate the correlated photons from the pump photons. Here, we examine the generation of correlated photons using χ (3) parametric processes in optical fibres. We show that using such processes provides a simple and inexpensive correlated photon source readily compatible with communications technologies.
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We develop a theoretical analysis of four-wave mixing used to generate photon pairs useful for quantum information processing. The analysis applies to a single mode microstructured fibre pumped by an ultra-short coherent pulse in the normal dispersion region. Given the values of the optical propagation constant inside the fibre, we can estimate the created number of photon pairs per pulse, their central wavelength and their respective bandwidth. We use the experimental results from a picosecond source of correlated photon pairs using a micro-structured fibre to validate the model. The fibre is pumped in the normal dispersion regime at 708 nm and phase matching is satisfied for widely spaced parametric wavelengths of 586 and 894 nm. We measure the number of photons per pulse using a loss-independent coincidence scheme and compare the results with the theoretical expectation. We show a good agreement between the theoretical expectations and the experimental results for various fibre lengths and pump powers.
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Correlated photon pairs generated through spontaneous parametric downconversion have become a key resource for research into enhanced optical measurement and quantum optical information processing. A pump-enhanced χ(2) source of correlated photons in the telecom band is presented. An investigation of the pair photon coincidence detection rate measured from the source, together with the evaluation of system losses, indicated a single spatial fibre-optic mode pair production rate of 6.12 × 104 s−1 mW−1 pump power, an order of magnitude greater than was measured without enhancement. A Hong-Ou-Mandel interference experiment confirmed that the enhancement did not have any adverse effect on the spatial and frequency indistinguishability of the emitted pairs. The source comprises a symmetric and linear enhancement cavity for the pump, making it particularly suitable for generating polarisation entangled photon pairs without the need for compensating crystals 1 Thomas, PJ, Chunnilall, CJ, Stothard, DJM, Walsh, DA and Dunn, MH. 2010. Opt. Express, 18: 26600–26612. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar].
Summary form only given. The use of parametric down-conversion as a convenient source of correlated photon pairs dates back to the early 1970's but it Was not until the late 1980's and early 1990's that these Sources were shown to be useful for fundamental studies of the phenomenon of two particle entanglement. In recent experiments three photon interference effects have been studied by entangling initially separate photons which has led on to demonstration of quantum teleportation and three photon entangle via GHz states. Due to the necessity for overlapping weak beams of randomly timed photon pairs the triple coincidence rates in these experiments is low. Furthermore the three-photon interference effects are post-selected from a product state of two-photon entanglements which opens the experiments to criticism from a local realistic viewpoint. An improved source would create entangled states of three photons directly in a way analogous to two-photon downconversion. This work extends the quantum theory of spontaneous two-photon downconversion in the presence of a /spl chi//sup (2)/ non-linearity to the three photon case based on the nonlinear susceptibility /spl chi//sup (3)/. The resulting gain is much lower and the efficiency for the three-photon creation process is small. However we show by simple arguments that the number of modes scale quadratically with bandwidth. This leaves us with the hope of detecting of order one three photon per second when phase matching.