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Physical Review Letters

Sub-shot-noise manipulation of light using semiconductor emitters and receivers

Jean-François Roch, J.-Ph. Poizat, Philippe Grangier

Published Sep 27, 1993• 57 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe an amplifying system using a photodiode and a light emitting diode, which is able to measure and to ``recreate'' the quantum statistics of the intensity of a light beam. This system acts therefore as a nonclassical ``quantum optical repeater.'' The overall information transfer is improved by a factor of 1.8 compared to a classical device, while the ideal quantum value would be 2, and the correlation between the signal and meter outputs is 1.2 dB below the shot-noise limit. We also demonstrate the use of this device for both detecting and recreating an input squeezed state.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.71.2006

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We describe an amplifying system using a photodiode and a light emitting diode, which is able to measure and to recreate'' the quantum statistics of the intensity of a light beam. This system acts therefore as a nonclassical quantum optical repeater.'' The overall information transfer is improved by a factor of 1.8 compared to a classical device, while the ideal quantum value would be 2, and the correlation between the signal and meter outputs is 1.2 dB below the shot-noise limit. We also demonstrate the use of this device for both detecting and recreating an input squeezed state.
We demonstrate experimentally two devices that can manipulate an information‐carrying light beam below the usual shot‐noise limit. The first one is a type II pulsed optical parametric amplifier, which can duplicate (or, clone) the signal it amplifies. The second one uses semiconductor emitters and receivers, and is able to ‘‘re‐create’’ a light beam after direct detection. Although both devices are amplifiers with large gain, they meet the quantitative criteria for Quantum Non‐Demolition measurements and, thus, operate in the non‐classical regime. They can be used as noiseless amplifying optical taps which, at the same time, can overcome the noise introduced by downstream propagation and detection losses.
Machida and Yamamoto used negative feedback from a conventional photodetector to stabilize a laser's intensity and thus to obtain sub-shot-noise photon statistics within the feedback loop. Out-of-Ioop light extracted at a beam splitter, however, displayed super-shot-noise statistics. This behavior can be understood both quantum mechanically and semiclassically. Quantum mechanically the culprit is the vacuum field that enters the beam splitter’s second input port. I describe a technique for extracting sub-shot-noise light by replacing the culprit vacuum field with squeezed light generated by a nonlinear device—a squeezer—that is pumped by a portion of the laser light. Moreover, even if the unstabilized laser is shot-noise-limited, the extracted light can have a better intensity SNR; this signal-to-noise improvement requires both feedback and squeezing.
Sub-shot-noise performance in transmission measurements can be achieved in optical quantum metrology owing to significantly lower uncertainty in light intensity of quantum beams compared to their classical counterparts. In this work, we simulate the outcome of an experiment that uses a multiplexed single-photon source, considering several types of experimental losses, where we show that the sub-Poissonian statistics of the output is key for achieving sub-shot-noise performance. We compare the numerical results with the shot-noise limit attained using coherent sources and the quantum limit, obtained with an ideal photon-number Fock state. We also investigate conditions in which threshold detectors can be used, as well as the effect of input light fluctuations. Our results show that sub-shot-noise performance can be achieved with improvement factors ranging from 1.5 to 2, even without using number-resolving detectors.
In this dissertation measurements are presented that extend our understanding of the important noise processes involved in the semiconductor laser generation of photon-number squeezed light. Strong sub-shot noise correlations between photon-number fluctuations on orthogonal polarization axes are observed in the output of a low temperature injection-locked quantum-well laser. Such polarization dependent effects are accounted for by intrinsic correlations generated in the laser gain medium and polarization mixing due to birefringence. Using polarization preserving balanced homodyne detection, up to 4.5 dB of photon-number squeezing is reported, which is within 95% of the expected maximum squeezing based on the device quantum efficiency. The work in this dissertation demonstrates the application of such nonclassical fields to practical measurements that achieve sub-shot noise sensitivity. Coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy with a photon-number squeezed probe field is used to measure the Urbach tail and exciton resonances in a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well with sensitivity below the semiclassical shot-noise limit. Direct drive current modulation of an injection-locked room temperature laser results in a nonclassical amplitude modulated field with a signal to noise ratio that exceeds the maximum ratio permitted for a classical source under equivalent modulation conditions.