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Optics Communications

Direct detection of squeezing in photocount coincidence experiments

József Janszky, Петер Адам, Yu. Ya. Yushin

Published Oct 1, 1992• 7 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0030-4018(92)90527-x

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Oct 1, 1991•3 citations
Parametric amplifiers are known to squeeze the vacuum state of the electromagnetic field, thus the statistics of the photocounts at their output should be that of squeezed vacuum. However, several theoretical works predict a very different statistical distribution. We have measured the photocount statistics of a Josephson parametric amplifier and recover the expected squeezed vacuum statistics. We explain this discrepancy by showing theoretically how the photocount statistics is dictated by the detection process. Namely, most experiments will naturally measure a single mode of the electromagnetic field, while the aforementioned theoretical works implicitly describe massively multimode detection.
The theory of balanced homodyne and heterodyne detection is developed for inputs in which the signal field is in an arbitrary quantum state and the local-oscillator field is in a highly excited coherent state. Exact expressions are derived for the photocount moment-generating functions in the special case of a coherent signal. For more general signals, the first two moments of the photocount probability distribution are determined. The moments are evaluated for the examples of a coherent signal with a chaotic noise component, and for squeezed light derived from a degenerate and from a non-degenerate parametric amplifier. The corresponding moments for direct detection are obtained so that comparisons can be made. The Kelley-Kleiner photocount distribution formula is adapted to balanced detection schemes. Light beams are characterized throughout by their energy fluxes, and the theory accordingly describes steady-state experiments.