Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Progress of Theoretical Physics

A2 Term, Renormalization of Matter-Photon Interaction and Coherent States in Matter-Photon Systems

Sachio Takeno, Michiyoshi Nagashima

Published May 1, 1977• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A non-relativistic quantum theory of matter-photon interaction is formulated, within the framework of the dipole approximation, by employing a canonical transformation to diago­ nalize the A' term plus the free photon Hamiltonian. The matter-photon interaction is there­ by expressed rigorously in a renormalized A·p form. Using this form for the Dicke model of two-level atoms interacting with a single-mode radiation field, we examine a possibility of the occurrence of stationary coherent states which could arise for a photon and atomic polarization as the ground state of the system, deducing a condition for such coherent states. The condition, expressed as an inequality which imposes a stable nontrivial Bloch angle of the uniform atomic polarization, is identical with that for the occurrence of a second order phase transition, and indicates that the non-existence of a second order phase transition pointed out by Rza2ewski et al. io; in fact a consequence of the present treatment of the A'­ term renormalization. However, a fulfillment of the condition is recovered, if exchange­ type atom-atom interaction is taken into account in the matter system. We also present a method to construct an effective Hamiltonian of atom-atom interaction which is equivalent to the above Dicke model in the thermodynamic limit.

DOI
10.1143/ptp.57.1507

Related papers

Coherent States and Photon Dynamics in the Dicke Model Hamiltonian

Shôzô Takeno, Michiyoshi Nagashima, Jun Sugimto

Coherent states and dynamics of a photon mode in the Dicke model Hamiltonian are studied by using a method of diagonal coherent-state representation. It is shown that under a strong coupling condition the ground state of the model Hamiltonian is characterized by simultaneous appearance of a photon coherent state and that due to atomic polarization. The energy eigenvalue of such a combined coherent state is shown to be lower than that of the in which all atoms in a matter system are in their ground state while no photon is present. An exact solution for the time evolution of the coherent-state representation of the photon number operator is obtained in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions. It is shown that periodic, pulse-like and stationary solutions exist under various initial conditions.

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Sep 15, 1976•6 citations

First- and second-order phase transitions in the Dicke model: Relation to optical bistability

C. M. Bowden, Chi C. Sung

The authors consider a system comprised of a collection of identical two-level atoms interacting with the electromagnetic field in the dipole approximation and with an externally applied steady-state coherent driving field. The atoms are considered to interact with each other only via the electromagnetic field and are assumed to be contained within a volume much smaller than a resonance wavelength. The system is treated as a quantum-statistical ensemble in the rotating frame, rotating at the carrier frequency of the externally applied coherent field. The Hamiltonian in this frame is explicitly time independent and the exact analog of a spin temperature is defined. The thermodynamic-Green's-function method is used to determine the thermodynamic equilibrium properties of the system in the rotating frame. This results in a nonlinear relation between the applied field and the field in the volume containing the atoms. The expression is a nonlinear function of the effective or "spin" temperature as well, and has the form of a first-order phase transition with the macroscopic atomic polarization as order parameter. In the low-"spin"-temperature limit, and for perfect tuning, the expression reduces to the exact form of the nonlinear relation for optical bistability derived by Bonifacio and Lugiato and relating the incident and transmitted fields for atoms in a ring cavity in the mean-field approximation. The results contain absorptive as well as dispersive contributions. These results predict essentially different behavior as a function of off tuning compared with behavior predicted by others using statistical steady-state models far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In the limit of zero value for the applied field amplitude, the results reduce to the conditions for the well-known second-order superradiant" phase transition. The condition for the existence of the second-order phase transition is shown to depend on the cavity tuning and the photon escape rate. The authors also show why, in light of the experiments in optical bistability, this second-order phase is difficult to observe.

Physical Review A•Jun 1, 1979•125 citations

Nonlinear Excitations in a Matter-Photon System

Sachio Takeno

A quantum theory of nonlinear excitations in a matter-photon system is developed by generalizing the conventional two-level-atom model of a matter in several directions, on the assumption that the overlapping of atomic wave functions on different atomic sites is negligible.The model matter Hamiltonian is shown to be expressible in a generalized form' of the Heisenberg model Hamiltonian with anisotropic long-range exchange interactions with spin operators replaced by quasi-Pauli operators.From approxirpate formal solutions of a set of nonlinear equations satisfied by the quasi-Pauli operators ~nd photon operators, brief discussion is given on nonlinear Frenkel excitons and nonlinear exciton-photon coupled modes.An attempt is made to formulate a theory of higher-order nonlinear physical properties of the matter-photon system by including interactions of magnetic as •well as electric dipoles of atoms with photons.A brief discussion is also given on the coherence properties. of the matter-photon system which are characterized by the simultaneo~s existence of •a photon coherent state and an atomic-polarization coherent state.*> Throughout this paper, we will often use a simplified .notation l, rather than l 1, whenever appropriate, to avoid the use of complicated symbols.Also, the complex conjugate of a quantity• A is denoted by A*.

Progress of Theoretical Physics•Dec 1, 1975•1 citation

Matter System Irradiated by Coherent Light

Mahito Mabuchi, Hiroshi Nishihara

A study is made of quasi-stationary states in a matter system which is under internal exchange-interactions among atoms and coupled to an electromagnetic field, by using a variational method and a unitary transformation; therefrom a photon coherent state is derived, The coherent state is characterized by a cooperative dipole orientation excited in the matter by a coherent light. The matter-field interaction energy term depends on the phase difference between the matter system and the field. When the phase difference equals zero, the coupled system is in the ground state. A thermal equilibrium of the matter system in the molecular field approximation is also studied. It is proved that a phase transition of the second kind occurs. This transition may be followed by coherent resonance scattering processes, even when the dipole excited state decays with a nonradiative relaxation time which is much shorter than the radiative life time.

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Apr 1, 1977•2 citations

First-Order Quantum Phase Transition for Dicke Model Induced by Atom-Atom Interaction*

Xiuqin Zhao, Ni Liu, Liang Jiu-Qing

Abstract In this article, we use the spin coherent state transformation and the ground state variational method to theoretically calculate the ground function. In order to consider the influence of the atom-atom interaction on the extended Dicke model’s ground state properties, the mean photon number, the scaled atomic population and the average ground energy are displayed. Using the self-consistent field theory to solve the atom-atom interaction, we discover the system undergoes a first-order quantum phase transition from the normal phase to the superradiant phase, but a famous Dicke-type second-order quantum phase transition without the atom-atom interaction. Meanwhile, the atom-atom interaction makes the phase transition point shift to the lower atom-photon collective coupling strength.

Communications in Theoretical Physics•May 1, 2017•4 citations

Analytic description of the super-radiant regime in the Dicke model

Eduardo Nahmad-Achar, Octavio Castaños, Ramón López–Peña +1 more

The transition to the super-radiant regime in the Dicke model of two-level atoms interacting with a one-mode radiation field has been argued to be impossible for many years. Recently, however, experimental results show that this transition is possible in an open system [1, 2]. Here we exhibit the power of the use of coherent states with restored symmetry to describe the superradiant regime of the Dicke Hamiltonian. These symmetry-adapted states allow for an analytic description of both the ground and first excited states. From these, analytical expressions for all expectation values of interest are obtained, valid for any number of atoms. All these results are exact in the thermodynamic limit.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2012•0 citations
A non-relativistic quantum theory of matter-photon interaction is formulated, within the framework of the dipole approximation, by employing a canonical transformation to diago­ nalize the A' term plus the free photon Hamiltonian. The matter-photon interaction is there­ by expressed rigorously in a renormalized A·p form. Using this form for the Dicke model of two-level atoms interacting with a single-mode radiation field, we examine a possibility of the occurrence of stationary coherent states which could arise for a photon and atomic polarization as the ground state of the system, deducing a condition for such coherent states. The condition, expressed as an inequality which imposes a stable nontrivial Bloch angle of the uniform atomic polarization, is identical with that for the occurrence of a second order phase transition, and indicates that the non-existence of a second order phase transition pointed out by Rza2ewski et al. io; in fact a consequence of the present treatment of the A'­ term renormalization. However, a fulfillment of the condition is recovered, if exchange­ type atom-atom interaction is taken into account in the matter system. We also present a method to construct an effective Hamiltonian of atom-atom interaction which is equivalent to the above Dicke model in the thermodynamic limit.
Coherent states and dynamics of a photon mode in the Dicke model Hamiltonian are studied by using a method of diagonal coherent-state representation. It is shown that under a strong coupling condition the ground state of the model Hamiltonian is characterized by simultaneous appearance of a photon coherent state and that due to atomic polarization. The energy eigenvalue of such a combined coherent state is shown to be lower than that of the in which all atoms in a matter system are in their ground state while no photon is present. An exact solution for the time evolution of the coherent-state representation of the photon number operator is obtained in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions. It is shown that periodic, pulse-like and stationary solutions exist under various initial conditions.
The authors consider a system comprised of a collection of identical two-level atoms interacting with the electromagnetic field in the dipole approximation and with an externally applied steady-state coherent driving field. The atoms are considered to interact with each other only via the electromagnetic field and are assumed to be contained within a volume much smaller than a resonance wavelength. The system is treated as a quantum-statistical ensemble in the rotating frame, rotating at the carrier frequency of the externally applied coherent field. The Hamiltonian in this frame is explicitly time independent and the exact analog of a spin temperature is defined. The thermodynamic-Green's-function method is used to determine the thermodynamic equilibrium properties of the system in the rotating frame. This results in a nonlinear relation between the applied field and the field in the volume containing the atoms. The expression is a nonlinear function of the effective or "spin" temperature as well, and has the form of a first-order phase transition with the macroscopic atomic polarization as order parameter. In the low-"spin"-temperature limit, and for perfect tuning, the expression reduces to the exact form of the nonlinear relation for optical bistability derived by Bonifacio and Lugiato and relating the incident and transmitted fields for atoms in a ring cavity in the mean-field approximation. The results contain absorptive as well as dispersive contributions. These results predict essentially different behavior as a function of off tuning compared with behavior predicted by others using statistical steady-state models far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In the limit of zero value for the applied field amplitude, the results reduce to the conditions for the well-known second-order superradiant" phase transition. The condition for the existence of the second-order phase transition is shown to depend on the cavity tuning and the photon escape rate. The authors also show why, in light of the experiments in optical bistability, this second-order phase is difficult to observe.
A quantum theory of nonlinear excitations in a matter-photon system is developed by generalizing the conventional two-level-atom model of a matter in several directions, on the assumption that the overlapping of atomic wave functions on different atomic sites is negligible.The model matter Hamiltonian is shown to be expressible in a generalized form' of the Heisenberg model Hamiltonian with anisotropic long-range exchange interactions with spin operators replaced by quasi-Pauli operators.From approxirpate formal solutions of a set of nonlinear equations satisfied by the quasi-Pauli operators ~nd photon operators, brief discussion is given on nonlinear Frenkel excitons and nonlinear exciton-photon coupled modes.An attempt is made to formulate a theory of higher-order nonlinear physical properties of the matter-photon system by including interactions of magnetic as •well as electric dipoles of atoms with photons.A brief discussion is also given on the coherence properties. of the matter-photon system which are characterized by the simultaneo~s existence of •a photon coherent state and an atomic-polarization coherent state.*> Throughout this paper, we will often use a simplified .notation l, rather than l 1, whenever appropriate, to avoid the use of complicated symbols.Also, the complex conjugate of a quantity• A is denoted by A*.
A study is made of quasi-stationary states in a matter system which is under internal exchange-interactions among atoms and coupled to an electromagnetic field, by using a variational method and a unitary transformation; therefrom a photon coherent state is derived, The coherent state is characterized by a cooperative dipole orientation excited in the matter by a coherent light. The matter-field interaction energy term depends on the phase difference between the matter system and the field. When the phase difference equals zero, the coupled system is in the ground state. A thermal equilibrium of the matter system in the molecular field approximation is also studied. It is proved that a phase transition of the second kind occurs. This transition may be followed by coherent resonance scattering processes, even when the dipole excited state decays with a nonradiative relaxation time which is much shorter than the radiative life time.
Abstract In this article, we use the spin coherent state transformation and the ground state variational method to theoretically calculate the ground function. In order to consider the influence of the atom-atom interaction on the extended Dicke model’s ground state properties, the mean photon number, the scaled atomic population and the average ground energy are displayed. Using the self-consistent field theory to solve the atom-atom interaction, we discover the system undergoes a first-order quantum phase transition from the normal phase to the superradiant phase, but a famous Dicke-type second-order quantum phase transition without the atom-atom interaction. Meanwhile, the atom-atom interaction makes the phase transition point shift to the lower atom-photon collective coupling strength.
The transition to the super-radiant regime in the Dicke model of two-level atoms interacting with a one-mode radiation field has been argued to be impossible for many years. Recently, however, experimental results show that this transition is possible in an open system [1, 2]. Here we exhibit the power of the use of coherent states with restored symmetry to describe the superradiant regime of the Dicke Hamiltonian. These symmetry-adapted states allow for an analytic description of both the ground and first excited states. From these, analytical expressions for all expectation values of interest are obtained, valid for any number of atoms. All these results are exact in the thermodynamic limit.