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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Variational approximations and mean-field scaling theory

Anastasios Malakis, S.S. Martinos

Published Nov 21, 1994• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that 'mean-field finite-size scaling theory' can be adjusted and applied to sequences of approximations that do not obey the well known power laws of finite-size scaling. The proposed modification of the theory seems to be well directed to the sequence of Baxter's variational approximations. This sequence of approximations shows a novel feature according to which exponential laws appear in places where power laws should be expected, but the modified scaling theory still yields relations from which non-classical critical exponents can be estimated. Thus, two techniques for the estimation of the critical exponent beta are suggested from the finite-order variational approximations. These techniques are applied to the zero-field Ising model on the square lattice using the systematic series of the Baxter-Tsang systems and excellent estimates of beta are obtained correct up to 13 significant figures.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/27/22/007

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It is shown that 'mean-field finite-size scaling theory' can be adjusted and applied to sequences of approximations that do not obey the well known power laws of finite-size scaling. The proposed modification of the theory seems to be well directed to the sequence of Baxter's variational approximations. This sequence of approximations shows a novel feature according to which exponential laws appear in places where power laws should be expected, but the modified scaling theory still yields relations from which non-classical critical exponents can be estimated. Thus, two techniques for the estimation of the critical exponent beta are suggested from the finite-order variational approximations. These techniques are applied to the zero-field Ising model on the square lattice using the systematic series of the Baxter-Tsang systems and excellent estimates of beta are obtained correct up to 13 significant figures.
A new method is proposed to study critical phenomena, which is a unification of Weiss' mean-field theory and Fisher's finite-size scaling theory. A systematic series of clusters is considered and generalized mean-fields are applied to the boundary spins of such clusters. From the size-dependence of the coefficients of mean-field singularities systematically obtained, the static critical exponents α, β and γ, and critical slowing down exponent Δ can be estimated. The critical point T C can be also evaluated from the size-dependence of mean-field critical points obtained in a systematic series of clusters. Some applications to the two- and three-dimensional Ising models are given explicitly to obtain T C =(2.24(0.036)) J / k B and γ=1.7(0.05) in the two-dimensional square lattice in our preliminary calculations.
Finite-size scaling above the upper critical dimension is a long-standing puzzle in the field of statistical physics. Even for pure systems various scaling theories have been suggested, partially corroborated by numerical simulations. In the present manuscript we address this problem in the even more complicated case of disordered systems. In particular, we investigate the scaling behavior of the random-field Ising model at dimension D=7, i.e., above its upper critical dimension D_{u}=6, by employing extensive ground-state numerical simulations. Our results confirm the hypothesis that at dimensions D>D_{u}, linear length scale L should be replaced in finite-size scaling expressions by the effective scale L_{eff}=L^{D/D_{u}}. Via a fitted version of the quotients method that takes this modification, but also subleading scaling corrections into account, we compute the critical point of the transition for Gaussian random fields and provide estimates for the full set of critical exponents. Thus, our analysis indicates that this modified version of finite-size scaling is successful also in the context of the random-field problem.
The magnetic critical exponent of the two-dimensional axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising model is estimated by means of the finite-size scaling of the order parameter. For a finite system without ordering field, this magnitude is computed from the two leading eigenvectors of the transfer matrix. The ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition temperatures estimated with this method exhibit a small lattice-size dependence. Moreover, they are in good agreement with those obtained using phenomenological renormalization, and also with analytical approximations. The correlation-length critical exponent is calculated by means of phenomenological renormalization. The results found with these numerical techniques indicate that the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition of the model seems to be continuous, in contradiction with a previous result obtained using the persistence-length criterion, which indicated that the transition is always first order. We found that the phase transition is first order only when the ratio of the next-nearest-neighbor and nearest-neighbor interactions equals one-half.
The thesis consists of five major parts or chapters, the first of which is an introduction and review relating the field of investigation to problems in quantum field theory and statistical mechanics.Although the thesis generally deals with eigenvalue bounding techniques, these methods are applied with a view to calculating the critical properties of infinite systems [7].The approach advocated in the thesis intends the use of approximate methods to calculate the thermodynamics of large, but finite lattices.Finite size scaling [3] can then be used to estimate the bulk system thermodynamics, especially critical phenomena, from the approximate large lattice data.The approximations used include projected mean fields [5], for both ground and excited states, correlated product wave functions [6], which are extended to kink states, and blocking approximations [2].Part of this work is motivated by the promise these wave functions have in their application to variationally guided Monte Carlo methods for finite lattices [4], Also, it is shown that the critical indices predicted by the finite size rescaling formalism, are left invariant by the application of an approximate (blocking) renormalisation group to the finite lattices involved.Moreover, this invariance of the finite size rescaling equations is used to define a sequence transformation suitable for improving