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Applied Optics

Triggering techniques in triggered photon-counting

L. Basano, Pasquale Ottonello

Published Oct 15, 1982• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the measurement of triggered photon-counting distributions (TPCDs) the triggering pulse which starts a collecting interval may be picked up according to different random procedures. We investigate, both theoretically and experimentally, the extent to which TPCDs are affected by the choice of the triggering pulses. It turns out that in ordinary conditions the measured distribution may be significantly influenced by the triggering procedure. This result is another manifestation of the bunching effect and indicates that a great deal of attention should be exercised in performing and interpreting triggered photon-counting.

DOI
10.1364/ao.21.003677

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In the measurement of triggered photon-counting distributions (TPCDs) the triggering pulse which starts a collecting interval may be picked up according to different random procedures. We investigate, both theoretically and experimentally, the extent to which TPCDs are affected by the choice of the triggering pulses. It turns out that in ordinary conditions the measured distribution may be significantly influenced by the triggering procedure. This result is another manifestation of the bunching effect and indicates that a great deal of attention should be exercised in performing and interpreting triggered photon-counting.
A statistical model linking the probability of detecting photons in a photon counting experiment to the average number of input photons is used to analytically derive an error distribution of the estimates of the average number of photons in coherent input pulses. The estimates distribution determines the required number of experimental count runs required for an acceptable measurement error, for any value of the average number of input photons. An expression for the minimum detectable power by photon counting is obtained, fully capturing the effect of the photon counting statistics thereby completing an earlier analysis.
We present a theoretical model of photon counting measurements on conditionally generated narrowband single-photon states that are produced via cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion, then frequency up-converted from the telecom wavelength of 1550 nm to the visible wavelength of 532 nm. The highly nonclassical character of the up-converted states is certified by a quantum non-Gaussianity witness that is determined from coincidence measurements with single-photon detectors in a Hanbury-Brown--Twiss configuration. We find our model in good agreement with the experimental data, and we investigate a useful effect caused by the dead time of the trigger detector, whose clicks herald conditional preparation of the single-photon state. Due to the dead time, a click of the trigger detector excludes the possibility of a trigger event at a certain preceding time interval, during which the measured idler beam is thus projected onto a vacuum state. Due to quantum correlations between signal and idler beams, this reduces the multiphoton contributions in the conditionally generated state of the signal beam and accordingly increases the value of the quantum non-Gaussianity witness. We also show that spurious heralding detections due to after-pulsing can be suppressed by accepting a click of the trigger detector only if its distance from a previous click of this detector exceeds a certain suitably chosen threshold.