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Physical Review A

Experimental demonstration of quantum secret sharing

Wolfgang Tittel, Hugo Zbinden, N. Gisin

Published Mar 6, 2001• 430 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a setup for quantum secret sharing based on energy-time entanglement. In opposition to known implementations using three particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, our idea takes advantage of only two entangled photons created via parametric down conversion. However, the system comprising the pump plus the two down-converted photons bare the same quantum correlation and can be used to mimic three entangled qubits. The relatively high coincidence count rates found in our setup enable for the first time an application of a quantum communication protocol based on more than two qubits.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.63.042301

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We present a setup for quantum secret sharing based on energy-time entanglement. In opposition to known implementations using three particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, our idea takes advantage of only two entangled photons created via parametric down conversion. However, the system comprising the pump plus the two down-converted photons bare the same quantum correlation and can be used to mimic three entangled qubits. The relatively high coincidence count rates found in our setup enable for the first time an application of a quantum communication protocol based on more than two qubits.
Abstract We consider two simple and practical protocols for multiparty communication and show their experimental realization. These protocols deal with the task of secret sharing in which a secret message is split among several parties in a way that its reconstruction requires their mutual collaboration. In the presented schemes the parties solve the problem by two different approaches: The first uses as a resource the multiqubit entangled state |Π4‐〉. As no interferometric setups are required here, contrary to known schemes, involving Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger states, its implementation is simpler and more stable. In the second scheme only sequential transformations on a single qubit are used. This further tremendously simplifies the method, makes it scalable with regard to the number of participating partners and above all, technologically comparable to quantum key distribution.
Since the first quantum secret sharing protocol based on Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states was presented by Hillery et al, dozens of quantum secret sharing protocols based on different entangled states (e.g. Bell states, d-level Bell states and GHZ states, etc) and product states have been developed. In this paper, we present a quantum secret sharing protocol, in which the genuinely maximally entangled six-qubit states, which was found recently by Borras et al, are used. An ordinary entangled state such as a Bell state or a GHZ state, etc can be used to share at most only one bit. However, according to our protocol, Alice can share three bits among three parties by a six-qubit state, which shows that our protocol is more efficient than any previous protocol.
An efficient multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed with Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states following some ideas in quantum dense coding. The agents take the single-photon measurements on the photons received for eavesdropping check and exploit the four local unitary operations I , σ z , σ x and i σ y to code their message. This scheme has the advantage of high capacity as each GHZ state can carry two bits of information. The parties do not need to announce the measuring bases for almost all the photons, which will reduce the classical information exchanged largely. The intrinsic efficiency for qubits and the total efficiency both approach the maximal values.