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Applied Superconductivity

Picosecond nodal testing of centimeter-size superconducting Nb microstrip interconnects

Marc Currie, Chia‐Chi Wang, Roman Sobolewski, Thomas Y. Hsiang

Published Oct 1, 1999• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have implemented a low-temperature electro-optic sampling system for non-invasive, nodal testing of superconducting Nb integrated circuits. With submillivolt sensitivity and a subpicosecond temporal response, this system has been used to perform nodal analysis on rapid-single-flux quantum (RSFQ) devices and superconducting microstrip interconnects. Here we demonstrate that by measuring the propagation of 6-ps-wide pulses at various test nodes, we are able to fully characterize a superconducting microstrip waveguide the size of an entire chip. The transmission line was selected not only to perform the first complete characterization of a superconducting microstrip, but also to demonstrate full nodal testing of a foundry-fabricated RSFQ integrated circuit. Finally, our results provided much-needed feedback for improving computer simulations of superconducting digital circuits.

DOI
10.1016/s0964-1807(99)00048-4

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We have implemented a low-temperature electro-optic sampling system for non-invasive, nodal testing of superconducting Nb integrated circuits. With submillivolt sensitivity and a subpicosecond temporal response, this system has been used to perform nodal analysis on rapid-single-flux quantum (RSFQ) devices and superconducting microstrip interconnects. Here we demonstrate that by measuring the propagation of 6-ps-wide pulses at various test nodes, we are able to fully characterize a superconducting microstrip waveguide the size of an entire chip. The transmission line was selected not only to perform the first complete characterization of a superconducting microstrip, but also to demonstrate full nodal testing of a foundry-fabricated RSFQ integrated circuit. Finally, our results provided much-needed feedback for improving computer simulations of superconducting digital circuits.
A low-temperature electro-optic sampling system was implemented to study the crosstalk of picosecond pulses between niobium microstrip interconnects. This system has been used to perform noninvasive, nodal testing on superconducting integrated circuits. We have characterized the crosstalk arising from the crossing of two microstrip waveguides. This is representative of high-speed interconnects in VLSI technology in which one signal line must cross above another. The measured crosstalk signal showed the capacitive nature of the coupling, thereby providing the material's dielectric permittivity at high frequencies. Our results have provided feedback for improving computer simulations of superconducting electronic circuits.
The ballistic transport of picosecond digital signals along terminated microstrip lines is a key feature of single flux quantum (SFQ) logic. In this work, we have used fast photoconductors driven by a femtosecond laser to measure directly for the first time the propagation and termination of picosecond pulses along Nb microstrip lines. Electrical pulses as short as 0.8 ps full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) have been measured. After propagating distances of 200 /spl mu/m, 1 mm, and 6.5 mm, the pulses broadened to 1.0, 1.2, and 1.8 ps (FWHM), respectively. In the frequency domain, attenuation is found to be negligible up to the gap frequency of Nb(0.7 THz), beyond which attenuation increases rapidly. We have also measured the reflections of the picosecond pulses off different terminations: open circuit, short circuit, and various resistors. The effective suppression of reflections with matched resistive loads is demonstrated up to frequencies approaching 1 THz.>
We have generated picosecond voltage pulses on a superconducting microstrip line by using a metal-semiconductor-metal photodiode as an optoelectronic switch. These pulses are fed into a two-Josephson-junction pulse shaper to generate single-flux quantum (SFQ) pulses. Using a reflective electro-optic sampling system, SFQ pulses are directly observed for the first time. This important demonstration of nonintrusively detecting electrical signals from superconducting microstrip lines at the level of rapid, single-flux quantum (RSFQ) circuits opens up a new way to test such circuits, on issues such as design verification, jitter, and failure-mode testing. Further, we propose a variable-rate optoelectronic clock for testing the functional speed of RSFQ logic circuits, with an adjustable clock rate up to 38 Gb/s.>
Abstract Interconnects are a major discriminator for superconducting digital technology, enabling energy-efficient data transfer and high-bandwidth heterogeneous integration. We report a method to simulate propagation of picosecond pulses in superconducting passive transmission lines (PTLs). A frequency-domain propagator model obtained from the Ansys high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) field solver is incorporated in a Cadence Spectre circuit model, so that the particular PTL geometry can be simulated in the time-domain. The Mattis Bardeen complex conductivity of the superconductor is encoded in the HFSS field solver as a complex-conductivity insulator. Experimental and simulation results show that Nb 20 Ω microstrip PTLs with 200 nm interlayer dielectric thickness can support propagation of a single-flux-quantum pulse up to 7 mm and a double-flux-quantum pulse up to 28 mm.
The main goal of this work is to evaluate theoretically and experimentally the properties of ultrafast opto-superconducting interfaces used to trigger superconducting digital RSFQ circuits externally and to read the outcoming signal from the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) circuits. To do this, optoelectronics sampling techniques based on a Ti-Sa femtosecond pulsed laser are used. In a first step, miscellaneous Josephson junction-based devices (series of junctions, SQUIDS, simple RSFQ circuits) have been measured to evaluate the properties of the superconductive devices. In particular, I-V curves and magnetic diffraction patterns curves have been obtained. Since the picosecond pulses carried by the RSFQ circuits are weak, of the order of 1 mV or less, the interfaces with the external world have to be carefully designed. Therefore, the potentialities of different photoconductive switches for ultrafast and sensitive detection of picosecond pulses emitted by superconducting digital circuits are evaluated. To do so, a study of the influence of different electrical parameters associated to the geometry of photoswitches electrodes deposited on LT-GaAs materials is performed. The electrical response of dc-biased photoswitches illuminated by femtosecond pulses from a pulsed 800 nm Ti-Sa laser has been calculated for different geometries of electrodes. Using electro-optical sampling techniques, the response of some photoswitches are currently being measured.
The authors analyzed, designed, and tested drivers and receivers which make it possible to connect distant circuits of the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) logic/memory family by passive superconducting microstrip lines. Using these circuits implemented with a niobium trilayer fabrication technology, reliable transmission and reception of the SFQ pulses over distances up to 1 cm, with margins of bias currents as wide as +or-30%, have been demonstrated. The pulses can be passed along wide lines (20 mu m for 3.5 mu Nb-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Nb Josephson junction technology) over such distances and can be picked up by the RSFQ receiver.>