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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Transient spectroscopy of near-condensate modes in the system of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity

Sergei S. Gavrilov, Sergey I. Novikov, V. D. Kulakovskiĭ, Николай Алексеевич Гиппиус, A. A. Chernov, S. G. Tikhodeev

Published Jan 1, 2015• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A transient spectroscopy technique for studying near-condensate modes of exciton polaritons in high-quality-factor planar semiconductor microcavities is proposed. It is demonstrated that, under the conditions of coherent external pumping, the transition to the upper steady state of an optically bistable condensate is accompanied by the excitation of near-condensate modes. They manifest themselves in the appearance of transient oscillations of the polariton intensity as the system switches to the upper branch of the S-shaped bistable pump dependence of the intensity. Analysis of the time-resolved spectra of these oscillations provides information on interactions in the system and the evolution of the exciton-polariton condensate density.

DOI
10.1134/s0021364015010063

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A transient spectroscopy technique for studying near-condensate modes of exciton polaritons in high-quality-factor planar semiconductor microcavities is proposed. It is demonstrated that, under the conditions of coherent external pumping, the transition to the upper steady state of an optically bistable condensate is accompanied by the excitation of near-condensate modes. They manifest themselves in the appearance of transient oscillations of the polariton intensity as the system switches to the upper branch of the S-shaped bistable pump dependence of the intensity. Analysis of the time-resolved spectra of these oscillations provides information on interactions in the system and the evolution of the exciton-polariton condensate density.
Dynamics of stimulated scattering of quasi-two-dimensional exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity is considered theoretically. A system possessing a bistable response to coherent excitation is studied. Being a system of weakly interacting Bose particles under strongly nonequilibrium conditions, it exhibits a complex dynamics of the development of condensate modes. It is shown that multimode instability can arise in a threshold way in the system under a smooth increase in pump intensity. In this case, rapid populating of a multitude of unstable modes leads to stochastization of scattering, and evolution to a quasi-steady macrostate is performed as self-organization in an open nonequilibrium system. Arising fluctuations lead to the occurrence of a spatial nonuniformity of the distribution of scattered states.
A phase transition from a classical thermal mixed state to a quantum-mechanical pure state of exciton polaritons is observed in a GaAs multiple quantum-well microcavity from the decrease of the second-order coherence function. Supporting evidence is obtained from the observation of a nonlinear threshold behavior in the pump-intensity dependence of the emission, a polariton-like dispersion relation above threshold, and a decrease of the relaxation time into the lower polariton state. The condensation of microcavity exciton polaritons is confirmed.
A physical mechanism of the implementation of undamped Rabi oscillations in the system of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity in the presence of nonresonant pumping has been proposed. Various mechanisms of the stimulated scattering of excitons from the reservoir have been considered. It has been shown that undamped oscillations of the population of the photon component of the condensate can be caused by the feeding of a coherent Rabi oscillator owing to the pair scattering of excitons from the reservoir to the ground state. The effect should be observed in spite of a more intense relaxation of polaritons of the upper branch observed experimentally.
Bose-Einstein condensate of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity is a macroscopically populated coherent quantum state subject to concurrent pumping and decay. Debates about the fundamental nature of the condensed phase in this open quantum system still persist. Here, we gain a new insight into the spontaneous condensation process by imaging long-lifetime exciton polaritons in a high-quality inorganic microcavity in the single-shot optical excitation regime, without averaging over multiple condensate realisations. In this highly non-stationary regime, a condensate is strongly influenced by the `hot' incoherent reservoir, and reservoir depletion is critical for the transition to the ground energy and momentum state. Condensates formed by more photonic exciton polaritons exhibit dramatic reservoir-induced density filamentation and shot-to-shot fluctuations. In contrast, condensates of more excitonic quasiparticles display smooth density and are second-order coherent. Our observations show that the single-shot measurements offer a unique opportunity to study formation of macroscopic phase coherence during a quantum phase transition in a solid state system.
Excitons-polaritons of semiconductor microcavities are quasiparticles originating from the dressing of optical cavity photons by the interactions between quantum well electron-hole pairs. In planar geometry, their belonging to the family of quantum fluids has been many times demonstrated through the observation of macroscopic coherence phenomena, such as superfluidity and Bose-Einstein condensation. Like ultracold atoms, polaritons support on their surface a set of collective excitations, the Bogoliubov modes, whose spectrum encompasses the key information to describe the dynamics of quantum fluids. In this thesis, we present a wide variety of results concerning the detection and control of such modes in different configurations. Thanks to the development of a new high-resolution coherent spectroscopy method, we carried out a detailed study of the spectrum of polariton collective excitations. In particular, we highlighted the effects of the driven-dissipative nature of the system on the fundamental dynamics of the fluid, by investigating the interplay between the Bogoliubov modes and the polariton bistability under coherent pumping. This was the opportunity to reveal, in addition to the well-known phonon-type excitations, precursors of dynamical instability and the so-called ghost branch. Moreover, we studied the behavior of out-of-equilibrium phase transitions: first, via the effect of the system dimension on the bistability and, second, with the onset of a Goldstone mode, as a result of a spontaneous symmetry breaking in a parametric oscillation regime. Finally, we designed a pumping geometry that directly controls the instability modes between dark solitons of a pair guided by an intensity channel, leading to the formation of vortex-antivortex streets in the density.
Time-dependent spatial modulation of a quantum condensate plays a key role in the investigation of the dynamics of collective coherent systems. Cold-atom condensates were already manipulated into forming solitons, vortices and optical lattices via the dynamic Stark effect. In the solid-state framework, semiconductor microcavity exciton-polaritons present an excellent platform for observing nonequilibrium condensate dynamics. Furthermore, the dynamic manipulation of exciton-polariton condensates offers numerous potential implementations in all-optical logic devices. We report the first observation of the energy modulation of an exciton-polariton condensate via the dynamic Stark effect. A Stark pulse is employed to induce a transient, coherence-preserving blueshift in the energy of the condensate of femtosecond-scale duration. A novel approach is presented for discerning the Stark effect in a condensate from the uncondensed case according to distinctive features in differential reflectance spectra, including spectro-temporal oscillations enabling to detect the buildup of coherence. The ultrafast and non-invasive modulation of the exciton-polariton condensate demonstrated here opens new research avenues of nonequilibrium physics of solid-state condensates as well as opportunities for polariton-based elements in both classical and quantum information technologies.