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Physical Review A

Fiber Bragg gratings for atom chips

Steve Helsby, Costantino Corbari, Morten Ibsen, Péter Horák, Peter G. Kazansky

Published Jan 17, 2007• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We discuss the fabrication and characterization of fiber Fabry-Perot cavities developed for integrated atom detection on the atom chip. Investigations show that the cavities are suitable for the detection of small numbers of atoms, with restrictions due to absorption in the Bragg gratings. We show that a significant reduction in these absorption losses can be attained by thermal annealing, removing any material limitations to single-atom detection.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.75.013618

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We discuss the fabrication and characterization of fiber Fabry-Perot cavities developed for integrated atom detection on the atom chip. Investigations show that the cavities are suitable for the detection of small numbers of atoms, with restrictions due to absorption in the Bragg gratings. We show that a significant reduction in these absorption losses can be attained by thermal annealing, removing any material limitations to single-atom detection.
Abstract: We describe schemes for the integration of miniature optical components onto Atom Chips, for the manipulation and detection of ultra-cold atoms. Our intention is to build detectors sensitive enough to accurately detect single atoms. Two approaches are discussed: simple fluorescence detection and the use of a resonant cavity. Theory predicts that cavities with F>100 should be sufficient to obtain signal to noise ratios high enough to detect single atoms. The first micro cavities were demonstrated using mirrors formed by cleaved fiber ends coated with a stick-on dielectric coating to give F ∼100. A more successful approach involves the full integration of the mirrors and fibers by using Bragg gratings written into the fiber core: it has been possible to form gap cavities with F ~ 150. 1.
The subject of this thesis is the miniaturization and integration of detectors for the detection of single rubidium atoms on an atom chip. For this purpose three different detectors were developed for atom detection by absorption or fluorescence: i) A fluorescence detector was realized by mounting a tapered lensed fiber perpendicular to a collection fiber. ii) An absorption detector was built by placing a multi-mode fiber in-line with a tapered lensed fiber. iii) A tunable cavity detector was built from two single mode fibers mounted on the chip surface. To mount the detectors on the planar surface of the atom chip retaining structures by means of lithographical techniques were developed. Those structures allow a very accurate and stable passive fiber alignment. To test the individual detectors an atomic ensemble of thermal rubidium atoms was prepared in a magneto-optical trap. Then the atoms were transferred into magnetic micro-traps of the atom chip and were guided to one of the detectors. Each integrated detector has been evaluated by several characterization measurements. With the fluorescence detector the highest single atom detection efficiency of 54\\% was attained. Thereby it was possible to perform quantitative measurements for the magnetically guided atoms on a single atom level and to study fundamental properties of the confined atoms.
Here, we present the thermal tuning capability of an alignment-free, fiber-integrated Fabry-Pérot cavity. The two mirrors are made of fiber Bragg gratings that can be individually temperature stabilized and tuned. We show the temperature tuning of the resonance wavelength of the cavity without any degradation of the finesse and the tuning of the individual stop bands of the fiber Bragg gratings. This not only permits for the cavity's finesse to be optimized post-fabrication but also makes this cavity applicable as a narrowband filter with a FWHM spectral width of 0.07 ± 0.02 pm and a suppression of more than -15 dB that can be wavelength tuned. Further, in the field of quantum optics, where strong light-matter interactions are desirable, quantum emitters can be coupled to such a cavity and the cavity effect can be reversibly omitted and re-established. This is particularly useful when working with solid-state quantum emitters where such a reference measurement is often not possible once an emitter has been permanently deposited inside a cavity.
Detecting single atoms (qubits) is a key requirement for implementing quantum information processing on an atom chip. The detector should ideally be integrated on the chip. Here we present and compare different methods capable of detecting neutral atoms on an atom chip. After a short introduction to fluorescence and absorption detection we discuss cavity enhanced detection of single atoms. In particular we concentrate on optical fiber based detectors such as fiber cavities and tapered fiber dipole traps. We discuss the various constraints in building such detectors in detail along with the current implementations on atom chips. Results from experimental tests of fiber integration are also described. In addition we present a pilot experiment for atom detection using a concentric cavity to verify the required scaling.
Abstract Detecting single atoms (qubits) is a key requirement for implementing quantum information processing on an atom chip. The detector should ideally be integrated on the chip. Here we present and compare different methods capable of detecting neutral atoms on an atom chip. After a short introduction to fluorescence and absorption detection we discuss cavity enhanced detection of single atoms. In particular we concentrate on optical fiber based detectors such as fiber cavities and tapered fiber dipole traps. We discuss the various constraints in building such detectors in detail along with the current implementations on atom chips. Results from experimental tests of fiber integration are also described. In addition we present a pilot experiment for atom detection using a concentric cavity to verify the required scaling.
We report the development of a fiber-based, tunable optical cavity with open access. The cavity is of the Fabry-Perot type and is formed with miniature spherical mirrors positioned on the end of single- or multi-mode optical fibers by a transfer technique which involves lifting a high-quality mirror from a smooth convex substrate, either a ball lens or micro-lens. The cavities typically have a finesse of sim1,000\\sim 1,000sim1,000 and a mode volume of 600 mu\\mumum3^33. We demonstrate the detection of small ensembles of cold Rb atoms guided through such a cavity on an atom chip.