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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Mechanically induced image rotation: analogy of the Faraday effect for orbital angular momentum

Miles J. Padgett, Emma Wisniewski‐Barker, Graham M. Gibson, Robert W. Boyd, Sonja Franke‐Arnold

Published Jan 12, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A spinning medium is predicted to induce a slight rotation in a transmitted image. We amplify this effect by use of ruby as a slow light medium, giving image rotations of several degrees. In terms of the orbital angular momentum such rotations are analogous to the mechanical Faraday effect.
DOI
10.1117/12.909915

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Transmission through a spinning window slightly rotates the polarization of the light, typically by a microradian. It has been predicted that the same mechanism should also rotate an image. Because this rotary photon drag has a contribution that is inversely proportional to the group velocity, the image rotation is expected to increase in a slow-light medium. Using a ruby window under conditions for coherent population oscillations, we induced an effective group index of about 1 million. The resulting rotation angle was large enough to be observed by the eye. This result shows that rotary photon drag applies to images as well as polarization. The possibility of switching between different rotation states may offer new opportunities for controlled image coding.
We consider the propagation of slow light with an orbital angular momentum (OAM) in a moving atomic medium. We have derived a general equation of motion and applied it in analyzing propagation of slow light with an OAM in a rotating medium, such as a vortex lattice. We have shown that the OAM of slow light manifests itself in a rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light. To extract a pure rotational phase shift, we suggest to measure a difference in the angle of the polarization plane rotation by two consecutive light beams with opposite OAM. The differential angle $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{l}$ is proportional to the rotation frequency of the medium ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\text{rot}}$ and the winding number lll of light, and is inversely proportional to the group velocity of light. For slow light the angle $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{l}$ should be large enough to be detectable. The effect can be used as a tool for measuring the rotation frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\text{rot}}$ of the medium.
Slow light is the study of the dramatic change in the velocity of light as it travels through certain media. This thesis focuses on slowing caused by transmitting light through a ruby crystal. When ruby experiences spatial or temporal modulation from a laser beam, the velocity of the light is greatly changed from its speed in a vacuum. The underlying mechanism for slow light in ruby is not fully understood and is, therefore, the subject of much debate. In this thesis, I examine many experimental parameters and their effects on slow light in ruby. First, I investigate the delay of images with both bright and dark regions through a spatial modulation of the ruby. I then turn to a temporal modulation of the ruby to answer the question of whether light can be delayed beyond the input pulse, the answer to which has the potential to differentiate between two proposed models for the mechanism that causes slow light in ruby. I return to the spatial domain to study the effect of spatial intensity distribution on the slow-light effect in ruby. I show that beams carrying orbital angular momentum rotate by an amount determined by the spatial feature of the beam profile. I present experimental evidence supporting a complicated mechanism of slow light in ruby, which informs the ongoing debate on the cause of slow light in ruby and provides direction for applications dependent upon the preservation of complex patterns in slow-light media.