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Physical Review Letters

Trapping and cooling of atoms in a vacuum perturbed in a frequency-dependent manner

THOMAS W. MOSSBERG, Maciej Lewenstein, Daniel J. Gauthier

Published Sep 23, 1991• 47 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show that light-induced mechanical forces that act on atoms may be significantly enhanced and acquire novel physical character when the electromagnetic reservoir which mediates the atomic relaxation is colored (i.e., frequency dependent).
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.67.1723

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The characteristics of dissipative mechanical forces acting on strongly driven atoms depend on the spontaneous decay rate of the driven transition. In previous studies,1 it has been assumed that the spontaneous decay rates arise from the coupling of the atoms to the free-space electromagnetic vacuum reservoir. Recently, it has been shown2 that new and novel physics can arise when the reservoir that mediates atomic relaxation is colored (frequency dependent) as can be accomplished by a suitably designed cavity or waveguide. We show that a two-level atom moving in an intense rest-frame-resonant standing-wave and decaying via coupling to a colored vacuum reservoir experiences a damping force (which is substantially larger than that predicted in other studies) useful in slowing the atom. This force, unlike traditional cooling forces, is effective over a dramatically wide range of atomic velocities. In fact, the force can be effective even for thermal velocity atoms if the vacuum is strongly colored.
We demonstrate a novel dual color magneto–optical trap (MOT), which uses two sets of overlapping laser beams to cool and trap 87 Rb atoms. The volume of cold cloud in the dual color MOT is strongly dependent on the frequency difference of the laser beams and can be significantly larger than that in the normal MOT with single frequency MOT beams. Our experiment shows that the dual color MOT has the same loading rate as the normal MOT, but much longer loading time, leading to threefold increase in the number of trapped atoms. This indicates that the larger number is caused by reduced light induced loss. The dual color MOT is very useful in experiments where both high vacuum level and large atom number are required, such as single chamber quantum memory and Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) experiments. Compared to the popular dark spontaneous-force optical trap (dark SPOT) technique, our approach is technically simpler and more suitable to low power laser systems.