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Physica Scripta

Information capacities of quantum measurement channels

Alexander Semenovich Holevo

Published Mar 1, 2013• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the relation between the unassisted and entanglement-assisted classical capacities C and C ea of entanglement-breaking channels. We argue that the gain of entanglement assistance C ea / C > 1 generically for measurement channels with unsharp observables; in particular for the measurements with pure posterior states the information loss in the entanglement-assisted protocol is zero, resulting in an arbitrarily large gain for very noisy or weak signal channels. This is illustrated by examples of continuous observables corresponding to state tomography in finite dimensions and heterodyne measurement. In contrast, state preparations are characterized by the property of having no gain of entanglement assistance, C ea / C = 1.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/2013/t153/014034

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We study the relation between the unassisted and entanglement-assisted classical capacities C and C ea of entanglement-breaking channels. We argue that the gain of entanglement assistance C ea / C > 1 generically for measurement channels with unsharp observables; in particular for the measurements with pure posterior states the information loss in the entanglement-assisted protocol is zero, resulting in an arbitrarily large gain for very noisy or weak signal channels. This is illustrated by examples of continuous observables corresponding to state tomography in finite dimensions and heterodyne measurement. In contrast, state preparations are characterized by the property of having no gain of entanglement assistance, C ea / C = 1.
In this paper we consider the classical capacities of quantum-classical channels corresponding to measurement of observables. Special attention is paid to the case of continuous observables. We give formulas for unassisted and entanglement-assisted classical capacities C and C ea and consider some explicitly solvable cases, which give simple examples of entanglement-breaking channels with C < C ea. We also elaborate on the ensemble-observable duality to show that C ea for the measurement channel is related to the χ-quantity for the dual ensemble in the same way as C is related to the accessible information. This provides both accessible information and the χ-quantity for quantum ensembles dual to our examples.
In the present paper we introduce and study Bosonic Gaussian classical-quantum (c-q) channels; the embedding of the classical input into quantum is always possible and therefore the classical entanglement-assisted capacity C_{ea} under appropriate input constraint is well defined. We prove a general property of entropy increase for weak complementary channel, that implies the equality C_{ea}=C (where C is the unassisted capacity) for certain class of c-q Gaussian channel under appropriate energy-type constraint. On the other hand, we show by explicit example that the inequality C
In the present paper we introduce and study Bosonic Gaussian classical-quantum (c-q) channels; embedding of the classical input in quantum input is always possible, and therefore the classical entanglement-assisted capacity C ea under an appropriate input constraint is well defined. We prove the general property of entropy increase for a weak complementary channel, which implies the equality C = C ea (where C is the unassisted capacity) for a certain class of c-q Gaussian channels under an appropriate energy-type constraint. On the other hand, we show by an explicit example that the inequality C < C ea is not unusual for constrained c-q Gaussian channel.
Abstract The present paper is devoted to the investigation of the entropy reduction and entanglement-assisted classical capacity (information gain) of continuous variable quantum measurements. These quantities are computed explicitly for multimode Gaussian measurement channels. For this we establish a fundamental property of the entropy reduction of a measurement: under a restriction on the second moments of the input state it is maximized by a Gaussian state (providing an analytical expression for the maximum). In the case of one mode, the gain of entanglement assistance is investigated in detail.
Prior entanglement between sender and receiver, which exactly doubles the classical capacity of a noiseless quantum channel, can increase the classical capacity of some noisy quantum channels by an arbitrarily large constant factor depending on the channel, relative to the best known classical capacity achievable without entanglement. The enhancement factor is greatest for very noisy channels, with positive classical capacity but zero quantum capacity. We obtain exact expressions for the entanglement-assisted capacity of depolarizing and erasure channels in ddd dimensions.
We give a capacity formula for the classical information transmission over a noisy quantum channel, with separable encoding by the sender and limited resources provided by the receiver's preshared ancilla. Instead of a pure state, we consider the signal-ancilla pair in a mixed state, purified by a "witness." Thus, the signal-witness correlation limits the resource available from the signal-ancilla correlation. Our formula characterizes the utility of different forms of resources, including noisy or limited entanglement assistance, for classical communication. With separable encoding, the sender's signals across multiple channel uses are still allowed to be entangled, yet our capacity formula is additive. In particular, for generalized covariant channels, our capacity formula has a simple closed form. Moreover, our additive capacity formula upper bounds the general coherent attack's information gain in various two-way quantum key distribution protocols. For Gaussian protocols, the additivity of the formula indicates that the collective Gaussian attack is the most powerful.