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Security and Communication Networks

Embedded security framework for integrated classical and quantum cryptography services in optical burst switching networks

Yuhua Chen, Pramode K. Verma, Subhash C. Kak

Published Feb 17, 2009• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Optical burst switching (OBS) is the most promising optical switching technology for the future Internet, but it suffers from security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose to embed a security framework which incorporates the strengths of classical and the emerging quantum cryptography techniques in the native OBS network architecture, providing a means to make the future Internet secure from the ground up. The proposed embedded security architecture allows the best suited classical and quantum cryptography techniques to be deployed, making it possible to offer robust security. The security of quantum cryptography is based on the inherent randomness in quantum phenomena. The application of quantum techniques to optical networks is ideally suited to the problem because photons, which carry information in optical modality, are quantum objects. Since the well‐known BB84 quantum cryptography protocol is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical sources, we propose to use a new 3‐stage quantum cryptography protocol which is immune to siphoning attacks, as it is based on random rotations of the polarization vector. This would allow multiple photons to be used in the quantum key exchange, and make it feasible to extend quantum cryptography services beyond trusted routers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI
10.1002/sec.98

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Abstract Optical burst switching (OBS) is the most promising optical switching technology for the future Internet, but it suffers from security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose to embed a security framework which incorporates the strengths of classical and the emerging quantum cryptography techniques in the native OBS network architecture, providing a means to make the future Internet secure from the ground up. The proposed embedded security architecture allows the best suited classical and quantum cryptography techniques to be deployed, making it possible to offer robust security. The security of quantum cryptography is based on the inherent randomness in quantum phenomena. The application of quantum techniques to optical networks is ideally suited to the problem because photons, which carry information in optical modality, are quantum objects. Since the well‐known BB84 quantum cryptography protocol is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical sources, we propose to use a new 3‐stage quantum cryptography protocol which is immune to siphoning attacks, as it is based on random rotations of the polarization vector. This would allow multiple photons to be used in the quantum key exchange, and make it feasible to extend quantum cryptography services beyond trusted routers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The optical burst switching (OBS) is an emergent result to the technology concern that could achieve a feasible network in future. They are endowed with the ability to meet the bandwidth requirement of those applications that require intensive bandwidth. There are more domains opening up in the OBS that evidently shows their advantages and their capability to face the future network traffic. However, the concept of OBS is still far from perfection facing issues in case of security threat. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the fields of burst aggregation, routing, authentication, dispute resolution, and quality of service (QoS). This paper deals with employing RC4 (stream cipher) to encrypt and decrypt bursts thereby ensuring the confidentiality of the burst. Although the use of AES algorithm has already been proposed for the same issue, by contrasting the two algorithms under the parameters of burst encryption and decryption time, end-to-end delay, it was found that RC4 provided better results. This paper looks to provide a better solution for the confidentiality of the burst in OBS networks.
The Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is an emergent result to the technology issue that could achieve a viable network in future. They have the ability to meet the bandwidth requisite of those applications that call for intensive bandwidth. The field of optical transmission has undergone numerous advancements and is still being researched mainly due to the fact that optical data transmission can be done at enormous speeds. The concept of OBS is still far from perfection facing issues in case of security threat. The transfer of optical switching paradigm to optical burst switching faces serious downfall in the fields of burst aggregation, routing, authentication, dispute resolution and quality of service (QoS). This paper proposes a framework based on QKD based secure edge router architecture design to provide burst confidentiality. The QKD protocol offers high level of confidentiality as it is indestructible. The design architecture was implemented in FPGA using diverse models and the results were taken. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for real time secure routing applications of the Optical burst switched networks.
The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication between servers in the cloud. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three-stage quantum communication protocol in free-space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.
The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three-stage quantum communication protocol in free-space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.
The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three- stage quantum communication protocol in free- space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.
The emergence of sixth-generation (6 G) wireless networks and the rapid development of Quantum Internet infrastructure have created unprecedented demands for ultrasecure communication. Classical cryptographic techniques, which depend on computational hardness, are vulnerable to quantum attacks enabled by powerful quantum algorithms. Quantum cryptography, particularly Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), offers information-theoretic security based on the principles of quantum mechanics, making it a foundational element for future network security. This paper investigates the integration of quantum cryptography within 6 G architectures and Quantum Internet frameworks, focusing on secure key exchange, entanglementassisted communication, and quantum-safe protocols. We analyze the challenges posed by channel loss, quantum repeater limitations, hardware constraints, and large-scale deployment in ultra-dense 6 G environments. Our study highlights the potential of hybrid quantum-classical security models and outlines how quantum cryptography can support resilient, scalable, and next-generation secure communication systems.