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arXiv:1208.6198

Implementation of Secure Quantum Protocol using Multiple Photons for Communication

Sayonnha Mandal, Gregory Macdonald, Mayssaa El Rifai, Nikhil Punekar, Farnaz Zamani, Chen, Yuhua, Subhash C. Kak, Pramode K. Verma, Robert C. Huck, James J. Sluss

Published Aug 30, 2012• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication between servers in the cloud. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three-stage quantum communication protocol in free-space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1208.6198

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The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication between servers in the cloud. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three-stage quantum communication protocol in free-space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.
The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three- stage quantum communication protocol in free- space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.
The paper presents the implementation of a quantum cryptography protocol for secure communication. As computing power increases, classical cryptography and key management schemes based on computational complexity become increasingly susceptible to brute force and cryptanalytic attacks. Current implementations of quantum cryptography are based on the BB84 protocol, which is susceptible to siphoning attacks on the multiple photons emitted by practical laser sources. The three-stage protocol, whose implementation is described in this paper, is a departure from conventional practice and it obviates some of the known vulnerabilities of the current implementations of quantum cryptography. This paper presents an implementation of the three-stage quantum communication protocol in free-space. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first implementation of a quantum protocol where multiple photons can be used for secure communication.
This paper proposes a quantum secure communication protocol using multiple photons to represent each bit of a message to be shared. The multi-photon tolerant approach to quantum cryptography provides a quantum level security while using more than a single photon per transmission. The protocol proposed is a multi-stage protocol; an explanation of its operation and implementation are provided. The multi-stage protocol is based on the use of unitary transformations known only to Alice and Bob. This paper studies the security aspects of the multi-stage protocol by assessing its vulnerability to different attacks. It is well known that as the number of photons increases, the level of vulnerability of the multi-stage protocol increases. This paper sets a limit on the number of photons that can be used while keeping the multi-stage protocol a multi-photon tolerant quantum secure method for communication. The analysis of the number of photons to be used is based on the probability of success of a Helstrom discrimination done by an eavesdropper on the channel. Limiting the number of photons up to certain threshold per stage makes it impossible for an eavesdropper to decipher the message sent over the channel. The proposed protocol obviates the disadvantages associated with single photon implementations, such as limited data rates and distances along with the need to have no more than a single photon per time slot. The multi-stage protocol is a step toward direct quantum communication rather than quantum key distribution associated with single photon approaches.
The need for secure transmission in the fields of banking and defense has led to the interest in quantum cryptographic protocols which are theoretically more secure than any classical cryptographic protocol. However, the current implementations of the quantum cryptographic protocols have weaknesses. The main goal of this work is to find ways to strengthen quantum cryptographic protocols by using new implementation schemes. We present a method to improve the randomness of the sequence of polarization states used in BB84, the two-stage and the three-stage protocols. An analysis of quantum cryptography in the presence of noise is given. We also study a variant of the three-stage protocol where the intensity of the photons is tracked. We have developed a further improvement to this protocol where the state of the photons is also estimated.
ABSTRACT. The combination of physics, mathematics, and computer science in quantum computing has developed from a visionary idea to one of the most fascinating and promising areas of quantum mechanics in the past two decades. Research in the field of quantum cryptography promises extremely fast, robust, and impenetrable electronic and photonic security; almost unbreakable! Moreover, the long standing eavesdropping problem of the “man in the middle ” attack may finally be solved once and for all. As computing power increases, and as hackers and attackers become more sophisticated, it is feared that sooner or later, traditional cryptography based on mathematically intractable algorithms may be no match for parallelized quantum based processors. For this reason, quantum cryptography, based on the laws of quantum statistical mechanics provides a welcome solution to this fear. This paper explores the basic tenets of quantum cryptography and how the mathematical principles therein apply to the quantum key distribution problem; a central concern in the implementation of quantum cryptography in distributed networks. The quantum key distribution protocol implemented in BB84 protocol is also described and compared to traditional cryptographic systems. A short overview of recent commercial implementations of quantum cryptography is presented with the encountered successes and limitations discussed. This paper explores the development of quantum networks, from the onset of the development of secure communication based on quantum cryptography and concludes with a brief outline of the key challenges facing quantum cryptography implementation in wireless applications and long haul communications.
Quantum cryptographic protocols offer transformative potential for enhancing cloud security by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics. These protocols ensure unbreakable encryption through quantum key distribution (QKD), where security is derived from the fundamental properties of quantum particles. Unlike classical encryption, which relies on computational complexity, quantum cryptography guarantees data protection by preventing unauthorized access, as any attempt to intercept quantum keys alters their state and can be immediately detected. This paper explores the application of quantum cryptographic protocols in securing cloud environments, addressing vulnerabilities posed by classical encryption techniques in the face of growing computational power. Key protocols, such as BB84 and E91, are analyzed for their potential in securing cloud infrastructure, offering enhanced confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of data. Additionally, this study highlights the integration of quantum cryptography with modern cloud architectures, overcoming challenges such as scalability and implementation cost. By employing quantum-resistant strategies, these protocols provide a robust defense against emerging threats from quantum computing, making them an essential solution for future-proof cloud security. The findings demonstrate that quantum cryptography, combined with advanced cloud security practices, can ensure secure, scalable, and resilient cloud infrastructures capable of protecting sensitive data in an increasingly interconnected digital landscape.