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Applied Physics Letters

Electromagnetically induced transparency in alkali atoms integrated on a semiconductor chip

Holger Schmidt, Aaron R. Hawkins

Published Jan 10, 2005• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We analyze the integration of electromagnetically induced transparency in alkali atoms on a semiconductor chip. We propose the use of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides with hollow cores to realize the necessary waveguiding capability and optical mode areas of a few square micrometers. We derive the scaling laws and limitations for the reduction in group velocity and single-photon phase shifts as a function of waveguide dimension. We show that miniaturization leads to a large enhancement of single-photon cross-phase modulation, despite the presence of additional limitations due to coherence dephasing and waveguide loss.

DOI
10.1063/1.1853528

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We analyze the integration of electromagnetically induced transparency in alkali atoms on a semiconductor chip. We propose the use of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides with hollow cores to realize the necessary waveguiding capability and optical mode areas of a few square micrometers. We derive the scaling laws and limitations for the reduction in group velocity and single-photon phase shifts as a function of waveguide dimension. We show that miniaturization leads to a large enhancement of single-photon cross-phase modulation, despite the presence of additional limitations due to coherence dephasing and waveguide loss.
We discuss a new integrated approach to realizing optical quantum interference effects such as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), slow light, and highly efficient nonlinear processes on a semiconductor chip. An ensemble of alkali atoms represents one of the canonical systems that exhibit slow light and related phenomena. At the same time, it would be desirable to build slow-light and related devices on a semiconductor platform in order to move to practical applications. We review progress towards combining the large magnitude of quantum interference effects in alkali vapors with the convenience of integrated optics in the form of hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). We discuss the benefits and challenges of this integrated approach with special emphasis on nonlinear optics. We present strategies to optimize the optical waveguides and discuss the current status of building rubidium-filled optical waveguides on a chip. Recent results on optimization of waveguide loss and transfer of rubidium atoms through hollow microchannels on a chip are presented.
We review the current status of integrating optical quantum interference effects such as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), slow light, and highly efficient nonlinear processes on a semiconductor chip. A necessary prerequisite for combining effects such as slow light and related phenomena with the convenience of integrated optics is the development of integrated alkali vapor cells. Here, we describe the development of integrated rubidium cells based on hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). Hollow-core waveguides were fabricated on a silicon platform using conventional microfabrication and filled with rubidium vapor using different methods. Rubidium absorption through the waveguides was successfully observed which opens the way to integrated atomic and molecular on a chip. The realization of quantum coherence effects requires additional surface treatment of the waveguide walls, and the effects of the surface coating on the waveguide properties are presented.
The integration of hollow anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) with vapor cells on silicon chips provides a compact platform for a number of optical applications, including the study of quantum coherence effects such as electromagnetically induced transparency and single-photon nonlinearities, as well as frequency stabilization standards. The use of hollow waveguides allows for light propagation in low index (vapor) media with compact mode areas. ARROWs make particularly attractive waveguides for this purpose because they can be interfaced with solid core waveguides, microfabricated on a planar substrate, and are effectively single mode. ARROW fabrication utilizes an acidremoved sacrificial core surrounded by alternating plasma deposited dielectric layers, which act as Fabry-Perot reflectors. A demonstration platform consisting of solid and hollow core waveguides integrated with rubidium vapor cells has been constructed. Rubidium was used because it is of particular interest for studying quantum coherence effects. Liquefied rubidium was transferred from a bulk supply into an on-chip vapor cell in an anaerobic atmosphere glovebox. Optical absorption measurements confirmed the presence of rubidium vapor within the hollow waveguide platform. Coherence dephasing in the small dimensions of the ARROW (quantum coherence effect) can be addressed by adding a buffer gas and passivation coatings to the ARROW walls.