Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Fiber & Integrated Optics

Noise in optical amplifiers

Gianfranco Cariolaro, Roberto Corvaja, Pierluigi Franco, M. Midrio, Gianfranco L. Pierobon

Published Jan 1, 1994• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article presents an application of a recently published probablistic model for traveling wave optical amplification. Both optical signal and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise are modeled as bunches of photons traveling along the amplifying region with size varying according to simple random rules. The results of the theory enable one to obtain a complete and accurate characterization of the signal and noise counting at the amplifier output. On the basis of the above statistics, we find a realistic evaluation of the limits imposed by both quantum and ASE noise on the performances of a receiver including an optical amplifier at a preamplifier stage.

DOI
10.1080/01468039408202230

Related papers

Influence of Noise on the Signal Quality of Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

S. Wilkinson, Benjamin Lingnau, Julian Korn +2 more

We use a semiconductor optical Bloch equation approach combined with a traveling wave equation for the electric field to explore the effect of noise on the signal quality of a quantum-dot(QD) semiconductor optical amplifier. Using a stochastic white noise source for the spontaneous emission inside the QDs, we can show that there is a tradeoff between amplification performance and signal quality. Nevertheless, optimized operation conditions exist and are discussed for various input signals.

IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics•Dec 11, 2012•22 citations

Reduction of signal-spontaneous noise in optical amplifiers

G. Du, Scott Roger Shepard, A. Wright

The beat between an amplified optical signal and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise is typically the primary limitation to the performance of optical fiber amplifiers. A filtering technique which might reduce this beat noise by 3dB creates a paradox since the noise figure's quantum limit of 3dB could then be reduced to 0dB implying noiseless amplification, which is impossible. The conjecture that this paradox might be resolved by different attenuations of the quantum and semiclassical descriptions of signal-spontaneous noise has been experimentally rejected . Herein, we present a variation of that experiment and telecommunication' applications of this filtering technique are discussed.

IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)•Nov 11, 2002•0 citations

Principles of light amplification

Stefano Bottacchi

Introduction Most of the lightwave transmission systems operating today benefit fully from extensive deployment of optical amplifiers (OA). These components perform the amplification of optical intensity directly in the optical domain, without resorting to any electrical-domain regeneration. Optical amplifiers increase the average number of output photons per unit time by several orders of magnitude compared with the incoming signal intensity. However, as with every amplifying process, optical amplification cannot be achieved without paying back for the unavoidable noise power added to the signal intensity. As we will see in detail in Chapter 6, the optical amplification process comes with optical noise generated by spontaneous emission inside the active medium. The intensity of the optical signal is represented by the flux of the signal photon population. Conversely, the photons generated by the spontaneous emission process inside the optical cavity represent the noise photon population. The fundamental phenomenon supporting optical amplification is stimulated emission. The basic property of stimulated emission, making the great difference from spontaneous emission and enabling optical amplification, is the coherent nature of the photon generation process. Accordingly, both signal and noise photons go through the same multiplication process by means of stimulated emission. Unless the optical cavity where the stimulated emission takes place (the active cavity) presents selective features for enhancing the signal photon population relative to the spontaneous one, there is no way to avoid noise photons going through stimulated emission, filling most of the cavity population. As a consequence, both photon populations increase, leading respectively to amplified signal intensity and to amplified spontaneous emission intensity. It should be apparent that every noise photon can create a new identical noise photon as a result of stimulated emission, effectively increasing the noise intensity in the active optical cavity. This is the well-known mechanism of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in optical amplification. Any improvement in the optical amplifier structure devoted to increasing stimulated over spontaneous emission will probably increase the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the cavity output. The spectrum of gain characteristic of the optical active medium is usually wide enough to support an efficient amplification of the broadband spontaneous emission spectrum, leading to the broadband ASE noise power spectral density.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Sep 6, 2014•0 citations

Optimum noise performance of optical amplifiers

H. A. Haus

The concept of noise figure F and noise measure M applicable to radio frequency and microwave amplifiers is reviewed and extended to cover optical amplifiers. Two noise figures are defined in the optical regime: one gives the ASE output, while the other gives the ratio of signal-to-noise ratios at the input and output. In the quantum regime, the lower limit on these optimum values is set by a generalization of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. A Raman back-pumped fiber link with post-amplification with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier is used to illustrate the use of noise measure.

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics•Jun 1, 2001•16 citations

Intuitive classical approach of intensity noise in linear, phase-insensitive optical amplifiers

Virginie Dallot, Philippe B. Gallion

Summary form only given. Papers have evaluated the intensity noise at linear phase-insensitive optical amplifier output and identified it as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The contribution of input fluctuations and of the amplifier in output noise are not distinguishable, making impossible a description of squeezed-state amplification. Starting from a corpuscular approach of light and using Rice description of a coherent electromagnetic field, a new classical approach of intensity noise in amplifiers is proposed. It distinguishes the different sources of noise and evaluates their contribution in an intuitive but rigorous way. It also brings to the fore the effects of loss, intrinsic to the amplifier, in the intensity noise generation process. After reminding the corpuscular formalism of intensity noise and Rice representation of noise, the intensity noise at the output of linear, phase-insensitive optical amplifiers is deduced, followed by a reevaluation of the noise figure.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 2001•1 citation

Modeling of Amplified Spontaneous Emission Noise for Quantum Communication Applications

Eszter Udvary

Abstract There is an increasing need for quantum communication applications, including true random numbers and quantum key distribution. The Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) is a quantum physics process, which can play a significant role in both cases. A physical model for detecting and acquiring the ASE noise is developed. The photon probability is calculated, and the relationship with system parameters is presented. Experimental results quantitatively validate the physical model; the simulation results all significantly fit the corresponding experimental data well.

•Nov 15, 2023•0 citations
This article presents an application of a recently published probablistic model for traveling wave optical amplification. Both optical signal and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise are modeled as bunches of photons traveling along the amplifying region with size varying according to simple random rules. The results of the theory enable one to obtain a complete and accurate characterization of the signal and noise counting at the amplifier output. On the basis of the above statistics, we find a realistic evaluation of the limits imposed by both quantum and ASE noise on the performances of a receiver including an optical amplifier at a preamplifier stage.
The beat between an amplified optical signal and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise is typically the primary limitation to the performance of optical fiber amplifiers. A filtering technique which might reduce this beat noise by 3dB creates a paradox since the noise figure's quantum limit of 3dB could then be reduced to 0dB implying noiseless amplification, which is impossible. The conjecture that this paradox might be resolved by different attenuations of the quantum and semiclassical descriptions of signal-spontaneous noise has been experimentally rejected . Herein, we present a variation of that experiment and telecommunication' applications of this filtering technique are discussed.
Introduction Most of the lightwave transmission systems operating today benefit fully from extensive deployment of optical amplifiers (OA). These components perform the amplification of optical intensity directly in the optical domain, without resorting to any electrical-domain regeneration. Optical amplifiers increase the average number of output photons per unit time by several orders of magnitude compared with the incoming signal intensity. However, as with every amplifying process, optical amplification cannot be achieved without paying back for the unavoidable noise power added to the signal intensity. As we will see in detail in Chapter 6, the optical amplification process comes with optical noise generated by spontaneous emission inside the active medium. The intensity of the optical signal is represented by the flux of the signal photon population. Conversely, the photons generated by the spontaneous emission process inside the optical cavity represent the noise photon population. The fundamental phenomenon supporting optical amplification is stimulated emission. The basic property of stimulated emission, making the great difference from spontaneous emission and enabling optical amplification, is the coherent nature of the photon generation process. Accordingly, both signal and noise photons go through the same multiplication process by means of stimulated emission. Unless the optical cavity where the stimulated emission takes place (the active cavity) presents selective features for enhancing the signal photon population relative to the spontaneous one, there is no way to avoid noise photons going through stimulated emission, filling most of the cavity population. As a consequence, both photon populations increase, leading respectively to amplified signal intensity and to amplified spontaneous emission intensity. It should be apparent that every noise photon can create a new identical noise photon as a result of stimulated emission, effectively increasing the noise intensity in the active optical cavity. This is the well-known mechanism of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in optical amplification. Any improvement in the optical amplifier structure devoted to increasing stimulated over spontaneous emission will probably increase the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the cavity output. The spectrum of gain characteristic of the optical active medium is usually wide enough to support an efficient amplification of the broadband spontaneous emission spectrum, leading to the broadband ASE noise power spectral density.
The concept of noise figure F and noise measure M applicable to radio frequency and microwave amplifiers is reviewed and extended to cover optical amplifiers. Two noise figures are defined in the optical regime: one gives the ASE output, while the other gives the ratio of signal-to-noise ratios at the input and output. In the quantum regime, the lower limit on these optimum values is set by a generalization of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. A Raman back-pumped fiber link with post-amplification with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier is used to illustrate the use of noise measure.
Summary form only given. Papers have evaluated the intensity noise at linear phase-insensitive optical amplifier output and identified it as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The contribution of input fluctuations and of the amplifier in output noise are not distinguishable, making impossible a description of squeezed-state amplification. Starting from a corpuscular approach of light and using Rice description of a coherent electromagnetic field, a new classical approach of intensity noise in amplifiers is proposed. It distinguishes the different sources of noise and evaluates their contribution in an intuitive but rigorous way. It also brings to the fore the effects of loss, intrinsic to the amplifier, in the intensity noise generation process. After reminding the corpuscular formalism of intensity noise and Rice representation of noise, the intensity noise at the output of linear, phase-insensitive optical amplifiers is deduced, followed by a reevaluation of the noise figure.
Abstract There is an increasing need for quantum communication applications, including true random numbers and quantum key distribution. The Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) is a quantum physics process, which can play a significant role in both cases. A physical model for detecting and acquiring the ASE noise is developed. The photon probability is calculated, and the relationship with system parameters is presented. Experimental results quantitatively validate the physical model; the simulation results all significantly fit the corresponding experimental data well.