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Physical Review A

Generation of sub-Poissonian light using active control with twin beams

Jerome C. Mertz, A. Heidmann, Claude Fabre

Published Sep 1, 1991• 35 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a general theory for intensity noise reduction when one beam of light is used to control another. We use a semiclassical input-output formalism and determine the conditions necessary for noise reduction below the shot-noise level. Configurations are examined where the intensity of one beam is monitored and control is effected directly to the other beam (feedforward), or indirectly through the beam source (feedback). The results are applied to the case of twin beams generated by an optical parametric oscillator. We detail for this system the implementation of an electro-optic control channel. Finally, a comparison is made between theory and experiment.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.44.3229

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We present a general theory for intensity noise reduction when one beam of light is used to control another. We use a semiclassical input-output formalism and determine the conditions necessary for noise reduction below the shot-noise level. Configurations are examined where the intensity of one beam is monitored and control is effected directly to the other beam (feedforward), or indirectly through the beam source (feedback). The results are applied to the case of twin beams generated by an optical parametric oscillator. We detail for this system the implementation of an electro-optic control channel. Finally, a comparison is made between theory and experiment.
We present two experiment that demonstrate intensity noise reduction in light below the standard quantum noise level. A first experiment establishes a reduction of 86 % in the intensity difference noise spectrum of twin beams generated by an Optical Parametric Oscillator. The second experiment exploits this intensity correlation between the twin beams and uses one beam to electro-optically control the other, generating a single beam whose intensity noise is reduced 24 % below the shot noise level. General theories are presented for both processes using a semi-classical input-output formalism. Control configurations are examined where the noise reduction is effected directly from one beam to the other (feedforward), or indirectly through the pump beam (feedback). We determine the maximum amount of noise reduction that may be obtained from active control and detail for these configurations the limitations imposed by constraints of causality and stability. Finally, we demonstrate the equivalence of the semi-classical model with a "corpuscular" photon model in the small fluctuation limit, which we substantiate using Monte-Carlo simulation.
We analyze different mechanisms for the generation of sub-Poissonian light beams within the framework of a simple photon model. In this model light is treated as a stream of discrete photon events that are localized in time. The course taken by each of these photons from its generation to its detection is evaluated according to the outcomes of several branching processes. We consider mechanisms in which the reduction of intensity noise below the shot-noise level is effected through control of photon deletion probabilities, both in a feedback configuration involving a single light beam and in a feedforward configuration involving twin light beams for which we explicitly include decorrelations. The resultant intensity noise spectra are evaluated analytically as well as numerically by Monte Carlo simulation. These results are compared with some corresponding results obtained from a semiclassical input–output analysis.
We report the first experimental demonstration of conditional preparation of a nonclassical state of light in the continuous variable regime. Starting from a nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator which generates above threshold quantum intensity correlated signal and idler "twin beams," we keep the recorded values of the signal intensity only when the idler intensity falls inside a band narrower than its standard deviation. By this very simple technique, we generate a sub-Poissonian state 4.4 dB (64%) below shot noise from twin beams exhibiting 7.5 dB (82%) of noise reduction in the intensity difference.
The low-frequency intensity noise of high-quantum-efficiency lasers or light-emitting diodes (LED's) is dominated by the pump noise. By coupling two or more semiconductor lasers (or LED's) in series with a current source, the pump noise of the two lasers will be equal, and the intensity noise of the lasers will be highly correlated. It is shown that one may generate sub-Poissonian light by measuring the intensity fluctuations of one of the beams and feeding back (or forward) the information to regulate the other photon beam. The generation scheme is shown to have much in common with intensity-correlated twin beam generation from nondegenerate optical parametric oscillators.
We analyze an intensity feedforward scheme to produce a sub-Poissonian (amplitude-squeezed) light beam from the intensity-correlated twin beams generated by a nondegenerate parametric amplifier. Photon-number measurement of the idler beam at the output of the parametric amplifier is linearly fed forward onto the output signal beam using an amplitude modulator. The minimum available Fano factor is shown to be 1/(2g-1), where g is the parametric amplifier gain, and is equal to the nonclassical intensity-noise-reduction factor of the twin beams at the output of the parametric amplifier. By changing the frequency of the input-signal beam, tunable sub-Poissonian light can be generated with this scheme for application in precision absorption spectroscopy.