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Physical Review Letters

Electric-Field Level-Crossing Spectroscopy

Abbas Khadjavi, W. Happer, Allen Lurio

Published Aug 29, 1966• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Differential Stark effect in second excited state of alkali metal atoms described, using electric field level crossing spectroscopy
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.17.463

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The method of level-crossing spectroscopy has been extended to a study of the Stark effect on the $3P$ term of lithium. Lithium atoms in a broad atomic beam are subjected to collinear electric and magnetic fields. The field values required to produce a level crossing or degeneracy are determined by observing the change in the angular distribution of the fluorescence resulting from the optical excitation of the $3P$ term. The magnetic field required to produce the crossing is found to shift to higher values as the electric field is applied. The shift increases as the square of the electric field and is given by $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=+0.056(11){E}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ is in gauss and $E$ is in kilovolts per centimeter. The coefficient is in good agreement with the value 0.048 obtained from second-order perturbation theory and the Bates and Damgaard approximation.

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The Stark effect in Rydberg atoms has potential applications in the areas of dipole-dipole interaction, quantum information, quantum control, and so on. Many reflevant theoretical calculations and experimental studies about the Stark effect of alkali metal and alkali earth metals have been reported, but the other atom’s Stark effect is studied still relatively less. Our goal in this paper is to reflearch the third main group atom’s Stark effect in a large electric field. First, according to the level data of gallium atom in zero-field, we obtain the quantum defects from the modified Ritz formula in each state by using a nonlinear least-squares-fitting algorithm. The quantum defects as a function of the principal quantum number are analyzed in detail. Influences of both the core polarization and the penetrating valence electron on the quantum defect are discussed according to the fitting results. Then we use the Numerov algorithm to calculate the radial wave functions of atomic gallium. Finally, the Stark structures of Rydberg states around n=7 and n=18 are numerically calculated by matrix diagonalization. Results show that at the levels above n=7 manifold states, (n+1)P is higher than nD state, and it is in contrast to the levels below the n=7 manifold states. This phenomenon is different from the usual Stark structure of alkali metal atoms, the level’s order of which does not change with the principal quantum number. The Stark levels with the identical |m| anti-cross each other, and those with different |m| cross. Our results give an important reflerence for related reflearches, and are of great significance for insight into the atomic structure and the interaction between the atomic core and the highly excited electrons.

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Linear Stark effect for Rydberg atoms of alkali metals

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Auto-Ionizing States in the Alkali Atoms with Microsecond Lifetimes

P. D. Feldman, Robert Novick

Discrete atomic energy levels lying between the first and second ionization potentials which are metastable against both auto-ionization and radiative decay have been observed in the alkali elements. These levels arise from the excitation of an electron from the outermost closed shell of the atom and have characteristic lifetimes in the microsecond region. A beam of metastable alkali atoms is produced by electron bombardment of neutral ground-state atoms and is detected by collecting the charged products of the decay. Stern-Gerlach magnetic-deflection experiments have been performed to show unambiguously that the signals arise from paramagnetic atoms and not from possible stray-photon effects in the apparatus. The excitation energies, electron-bombardment production cross sections, natural lifetimes, and the tentative spectroscopic assignments of these atoms are listed below: The energy and lifetime of the metastable lithium atom are in good agreement with the available theoretical estimates. The metastable states in the heavier alkali atoms are classified in relation to the known ${\mathrm{I}}^{b}$ spectral terms. Magnetic and electric fields have been found to be effective in reducing the lifetime of the metastable atoms. The Zeeman quenching is discussed in a separate paper. The Stark quenching rate has been found to be proportional to the square of the electric field and to increase rapidly with atomic number $Z$. It is suggested that the Stark quenching results from a second-order interaction which involves the product of the electric field and the spin-orbit or other magnetic operators.

Physical Review•Aug 5, 1967•170 citations
The method of level-crossing spectroscopy has been extended to a study of the Stark effect on the 3P3P3P term of lithium. Lithium atoms in a broad atomic beam are subjected to collinear electric and magnetic fields. The field values required to produce a level crossing or degeneracy are determined by observing the change in the angular distribution of the fluorescence resulting from the optical excitation of the 3P3P3P term. The magnetic field required to produce the crossing is found to shift to higher values as the electric field is applied. The shift increases as the square of the electric field and is given by $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=+0.056(11){E}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ is in gauss and EEE is in kilovolts per centimeter. The coefficient is in good agreement with the value 0.048 obtained from second-order perturbation theory and the Bates and Damgaard approximation.
The Stark effect in Rydberg atoms has potential applications in the areas of dipole-dipole interaction, quantum information, quantum control, and so on. Many reflevant theoretical calculations and experimental studies about the Stark effect of alkali metal and alkali earth metals have been reported, but the other atom’s Stark effect is studied still relatively less. Our goal in this paper is to reflearch the third main group atom’s Stark effect in a large electric field. First, according to the level data of gallium atom in zero-field, we obtain the quantum defects from the modified Ritz formula in each state by using a nonlinear least-squares-fitting algorithm. The quantum defects as a function of the principal quantum number are analyzed in detail. Influences of both the core polarization and the penetrating valence electron on the quantum defect are discussed according to the fitting results. Then we use the Numerov algorithm to calculate the radial wave functions of atomic gallium. Finally, the Stark structures of Rydberg states around n=7 and n=18 are numerically calculated by matrix diagonalization. Results show that at the levels above n=7 manifold states, (n+1)P is higher than nD state, and it is in contrast to the levels below the n=7 manifold states. This phenomenon is different from the usual Stark structure of alkali metal atoms, the level’s order of which does not change with the principal quantum number. The Stark levels with the identical |m| anti-cross each other, and those with different |m| cross. Our results give an important reflerence for related reflearches, and are of great significance for insight into the atomic structure and the interaction between the atomic core and the highly excited electrons.
Discrete atomic energy levels lying between the first and second ionization potentials which are metastable against both auto-ionization and radiative decay have been observed in the alkali elements. These levels arise from the excitation of an electron from the outermost closed shell of the atom and have characteristic lifetimes in the microsecond region. A beam of metastable alkali atoms is produced by electron bombardment of neutral ground-state atoms and is detected by collecting the charged products of the decay. Stern-Gerlach magnetic-deflection experiments have been performed to show unambiguously that the signals arise from paramagnetic atoms and not from possible stray-photon effects in the apparatus. The excitation energies, electron-bombardment production cross sections, natural lifetimes, and the tentative spectroscopic assignments of these atoms are listed below: The energy and lifetime of the metastable lithium atom are in good agreement with the available theoretical estimates. The metastable states in the heavier alkali atoms are classified in relation to the known Ib{\mathrm{I}}^{b}Ib spectral terms. Magnetic and electric fields have been found to be effective in reducing the lifetime of the metastable atoms. The Zeeman quenching is discussed in a separate paper. The Stark quenching rate has been found to be proportional to the square of the electric field and to increase rapidly with atomic number ZZZ. It is suggested that the Stark quenching results from a second-order interaction which involves the product of the electric field and the spin-orbit or other magnetic operators.