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Optics Express

Pump-probe quantum state tomography in a semiconductor optical amplifier

Nicolai B. Grosse, Nina Owschimikow, Roland Aust, Benjamin Lingnau, Alexej Koltchanov, Mirco Kolarczik, Kathy Lüdge, U. Woggon

Published Dec 24, 2014• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Pump-probe quantum state tomography was applied to the transmission of a coherent state through an In(Ga)As based quantum dot optical amplifier during the interaction with an optical pump pulse. The Wigner function and the statistical moments of the field were extracted and used to determine the degree of population inversion and the signal-to-noise ratio in a sub-picosecond time window.

DOI
10.1364/oe.22.032520

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Pump-probe quantum state tomography was applied to the transmission of a coherent state through an In(Ga)As based quantum dot optical amplifier during the interaction with an optical pump pulse. The Wigner function and the statistical moments of the field were extracted and used to determine the degree of population inversion and the signal-to-noise ratio in a sub-picosecond time window.
In time-resolved experiments at InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dots-in-a-well (DWELL) semiconductor optical amplifiers, pump-probe of the ground state (GS) population, and complementary measurement of the amplified spontaneous emission of the excited state (ES) population, we are able to separate the early subpicosecond dephasing dynamics from the later picosecond population relaxation dynamics. We observe a 10 ps delay between the nonlinear GS pulse amplification and the subsequent ES population drop-off that supports the dominance of a direct two dimensional reservoir-GS capture relaxation path in electrically pumped quantum-dot-DWELL structures.
Quantum state tomography and the reconstruction of the photon number distribution are techniques to extract the properties of a light field from measurements of its mean and fluctuations. These techniques are particularly useful when dealing with macroscopic or mesoscopic systems, where a description limited to the second order autocorrelation soon becomes inadequate. In particular, the emission of nonclassical light is expected from mesoscopic quantum dot systems strongly coupled to a cavity or in systems with large optical nonlinearities. We analyze the emission of a quantum dot-semiconductor optical amplifier system by quantifying the modifications of a femtosecond laser pulse propagating through the device. Using a balanced detection scheme in a self-heterodyning setup, we achieve precise measurements of the quadrature components and their fluctuations at the quantum noise limit1. We resolve the photon number distribution and the thermal-to-coherent evolution in the photon statistics of the emission. The interferometric detection achieves a high sensitivity in the few photon limit. From our data, we can also reconstruct the second order autocorrelation function with higher precision and time resolution compared with classical Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments.
We present an analytical description of ultrashort femtosecond pump–probe experiments and investigate the gain response of quantum dot (QD) semiconductor optical amplifiers. The calculation provides a full analytical solution of numerical studies to recent experiments in such structures (Gomis-Bresco et al 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 256803). Our approach is based on QD Bloch equations, which are analytically evaluated within the third-order temporal perturbation theory (χ (3) level). In particular, we study the influence of the coherence and the population dynamics of two confined QD levels on the gain as a function of the delay time between the pump and the probe pulse. We discuss how to engineer optimal conditions for high-performance QD amplifiers, which are characterized by an ultrafast gain recovery and a pronounced gain depletion.