Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Optical Technology

How scatter of the experimental parameters affects the statistical characteristics of a quantum random-number generator

A. E. Ivanova, Sergey A. Chivilikhin, George P. Miroshnichenko, V. I. Egorov, Artur V. Gleim

Published Aug 1, 2014• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum generation of random numbers makes it possible to obtain truly random numbers that can be used in applications where a high degree of randomness is needed. This paper presents an estimate of how the nonideal nature of the setup parameters affects the results of measurements carried out for two quantum random-number generators: one based on separation of laser radiation, and one based on the use of vacuum fluctuations.

DOI
10.1364/jot.81.000427

Related papers

Investigation of device imperfection influence on measurement results in beamsplitter-based quantum random number generation schemes

A. E. Ivanova, Sergey A. Chivilikhin, V. I. Egorov +1 more

Quantum random number generation allows acquiring true random numbers which can be used in applications that require a high degree of randomness. This paper assesses the influence of non-ideal scheme parameters on measurement results in two quantum random number generation schemes: based on laser radiation splitting, and using vacuum fluctuations.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•Oct 27, 2014•1 citation

Experimental implementation of vacuum-based quantum random number generator for quantum communication and cryptography protocols

Mohamed Faouzi Melalkia, Idris Anis Benkhedda, Bachir Madani

Quantum random number generators represent one of the most promising techniques for producing truly and unique random numbers, essential in many applications such as quantum communication and cryptography protocols. In this work, we report an experimental implementation of vacuum-based quantum random number generator. By measuring the quantum fluctuations of the radiation ground state, a mixture of a perfectly Gaussian distributed random signal—originating from the intrinsic randomness in the quantum measurement— and an undesired classical electronic noise is obtained. Using an adequate post-processing, the undesired classical contribution of the electronic noise is removed to produce final, quasi-uniformly distributed random bit sequences. The high-quality character of the generated random bits is confirmed by applying the statistical tests of the NIST SP 800-22 test battery.

International Conference on Electronics, Energy and Measurement (IC2EM)•May 6, 2025•0 citations

Quantum random number generation based on vacuum field fluctuations

Carlos Abellán

[ANGLÈS] Random numbers are extensively used in a broad range of applications. Nevertheless, there are two main markets from a commercial point of view: (i) secure communications and (ii) stochastic simulation. According to the generation rate and quality of the random numbers required, different approaches have been used so far, most of them based on pseudo-random number generation. However, these type of generators have already started showing weakness both in the quality and the generation rate. Thus, novel techniques based on physical processes are being studied and used nowadays. In this work an ultra-fast random number generator based on quantum vacuum fluctuations is demonstrated. Not only assuring the intrinsic randomness of quantum mechanics, but also being compliant with the speed needs of current applications. Employing a DFB laser diode in gain-switched mode and interferometry, the random phase generated in spontaneous emission events is translated into random amplitudes easily measurable using off-the-shelf components, i.e. measuring a quantum phenomena in a macroscopic way. Thus, using established models of semiconductor lasers, we predict a regime of high-visibility interference and nearly complete vacuum-fluctuation-induced phase diffusion between pulses. These predictions are confirmed by measurement of pulse amplitude statistics at the exit of the interferometer.

•Sep 9, 2013•1 citation

Characterization of a Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations

Maurício Jonas Ferreira, Nuno A. Silva, Armando N. Pinto +1 more

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are currently in high demand across a large number of cryptographic applications as secure sources of true randomness. In this work, we characterize the conditions from which randomness can be extracted in a QRNG based on homodyne measurements of vacuum fluctuations by assessing the impact of experimental limitations, such as the digitizer resolution or the presence of excess local oscillator (LO) noise due to an unbalanced detection. Moreover, we propose an estimation method to quantify the excess entropy contribution introduced by an unbalanced detection and analyze the implementation of the post-processing algorithm. Finally, we submitted the generated numbers to a set of statistical tests to assess the quality of its output randomness and verified that it passes the standard libraries.

Applied Sciences•Aug 12, 2021•18 citations

The use of beam- and fiber splitters in quantum random number generators based on vacuum fluctuations

A. E. Ivanova, Sergey A. Chivilikhin, Artur V. Gleim

Quantum random number generators based on vacuum fluctuations produce truly random numbers that can be used for applications are requiring a high degree of randomness.A beam splitter with two inputs and two outputs is normally used in these systems.In this paper, mathematical descriptions were obtained for the use of such beam splitter and fiber Y-splitter in quantum random number generation systems with homodyne detection.We derived equations which allowed us to estimate the impact of the scheme parameters' imperfection upon measurement results.We also obtained mathematical expressions, demonstrating the equivalence of quantum descriptions for a Y-splitter and a beam splitter with two inputs.

Nanosystems Physics Chemistry Mathematics•Apr 20, 2016•4 citations

Quantum random number generator using vacuum fluctuations

B. E. Pervushin, M.A. Fadeev, A.V. Zinovev +4 more

Experimental implementation of a quantum random number generator based on vacuum fluctuation is presented in this paper.A Y-splitter is used in optical setup of the quantum random number generator.The generation of random numbers in real time with a speed of 300 Mb/s is demonstrated.The conditional minimum entropy is used to estimate the randomness.A cryptographic hashing function is used for post-processing.The resulting sequence has passed DieHard and NIST statistical tests successfully.

Nanosystems Physics Chemistry Mathematics•Apr 29, 2021•1 citation
Quantum generation of random numbers makes it possible to obtain truly random numbers that can be used in applications where a high degree of randomness is needed. This paper presents an estimate of how the nonideal nature of the setup parameters affects the results of measurements carried out for two quantum random-number generators: one based on separation of laser radiation, and one based on the use of vacuum fluctuations.
Quantum random number generators represent one of the most promising techniques for producing truly and unique random numbers, essential in many applications such as quantum communication and cryptography protocols. In this work, we report an experimental implementation of vacuum-based quantum random number generator. By measuring the quantum fluctuations of the radiation ground state, a mixture of a perfectly Gaussian distributed random signal—originating from the intrinsic randomness in the quantum measurement— and an undesired classical electronic noise is obtained. Using an adequate post-processing, the undesired classical contribution of the electronic noise is removed to produce final, quasi-uniformly distributed random bit sequences. The high-quality character of the generated random bits is confirmed by applying the statistical tests of the NIST SP 800-22 test battery.
[ANGLÈS] Random numbers are extensively used in a broad range of applications. Nevertheless, there are two main markets from a commercial point of view: (i) secure communications and (ii) stochastic simulation. According to the generation rate and quality of the random numbers required, different approaches have been used so far, most of them based on pseudo-random number generation. However, these type of generators have already started showing weakness both in the quality and the generation rate. Thus, novel techniques based on physical processes are being studied and used nowadays. In this work an ultra-fast random number generator based on quantum vacuum fluctuations is demonstrated. Not only assuring the intrinsic randomness of quantum mechanics, but also being compliant with the speed needs of current applications. Employing a DFB laser diode in gain-switched mode and interferometry, the random phase generated in spontaneous emission events is translated into random amplitudes easily measurable using off-the-shelf components, i.e. measuring a quantum phenomena in a macroscopic way. Thus, using established models of semiconductor lasers, we predict a regime of high-visibility interference and nearly complete vacuum-fluctuation-induced phase diffusion between pulses. These predictions are confirmed by measurement of pulse amplitude statistics at the exit of the interferometer.
Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are currently in high demand across a large number of cryptographic applications as secure sources of true randomness. In this work, we characterize the conditions from which randomness can be extracted in a QRNG based on homodyne measurements of vacuum fluctuations by assessing the impact of experimental limitations, such as the digitizer resolution or the presence of excess local oscillator (LO) noise due to an unbalanced detection. Moreover, we propose an estimation method to quantify the excess entropy contribution introduced by an unbalanced detection and analyze the implementation of the post-processing algorithm. Finally, we submitted the generated numbers to a set of statistical tests to assess the quality of its output randomness and verified that it passes the standard libraries.
Quantum random number generators based on vacuum fluctuations produce truly random numbers that can be used for applications are requiring a high degree of randomness.A beam splitter with two inputs and two outputs is normally used in these systems.In this paper, mathematical descriptions were obtained for the use of such beam splitter and fiber Y-splitter in quantum random number generation systems with homodyne detection.We derived equations which allowed us to estimate the impact of the scheme parameters' imperfection upon measurement results.We also obtained mathematical expressions, demonstrating the equivalence of quantum descriptions for a Y-splitter and a beam splitter with two inputs.