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Applied Physics Letters

Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 intrinsic Josephson junction stacks with improved cooling: Coherent emission above 1 THz

Min Ji, Jie Yuan, Boris Gross, F. Rudau, Deyue An, M. Y. Li, Xianjing Zhou, Y. Huang, Hancong Sun, Qiang Zhu, Junkai Li, Nickolay V. Kinev, Toshihisa Hatano, V. P. Koshelets, D. Koelle, R. Kleiner, Weiwei Xu, Biaobing Jin, Huabing Wang, Peiheng Wu

Published Sep 22, 2014• 70 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (BSCCO) intrinsic Josephson junction stacks with improved cooling, allowing for a remarkable increase in emission frequency compared to the previous designs. We started with a BSCCO stack embedded between two gold layers. When mounted in the standard way to a single substrate, the stack emits in the range of 0.43–0.82 THz. We then glued a second, thermally anchored substrate onto the sample surface. The maximum voltage of this better cooled and dimension-unchanged sample was increased and, accordingly, both the emission frequencies and the tunable frequency range were significantly increased up to 1.05 THz and to 0.71 THz, respectively. This double sided cooling may also be useful for other “hot” devices, e.g., quantum cascade lasers.

DOI
10.1063/1.4896684

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We report on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (BSCCO) intrinsic Josephson junction stacks with improved cooling, allowing for a remarkable increase in emission frequency compared to the previous designs. We started with a BSCCO stack embedded between two gold layers. When mounted in the standard way to a single substrate, the stack emits in the range of 0.43–0.82 THz. We then glued a second, thermally anchored substrate onto the sample surface. The maximum voltage of this better cooled and dimension-unchanged sample was increased and, accordingly, both the emission frequencies and the tunable frequency range were significantly increased up to 1.05 THz and to 0.71 THz, respectively. This double sided cooling may also be useful for other “hot” devices, e.g., quantum cascade lasers.
Using a double-sided fabrication method, we fabricated Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8(BSCCO) intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) with a gold-BSCCO-gold structure. Coherent emission is observed at large dc input power, where a hot spot and “cold” part of the stack, coexist. The power, directly detected with a bolometer, is as high as 25 μW, implying the integrated power should be already in the order of sub-mW. We have successfully pumped a Nb-based Josephson junction and a grain boundary Josephson junction. Also with a wide tunable frequency range, BSCCO THz emitters will find themselves many practical applications, e.g., local oscillators of SIS, HEB, and Josephson mixers.
The emission of coherent radiation from the intrinsic Josephson junctions in the high transition temperature Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) arises from two sources: (1) the uniform part of the ac Josephson current satisfying the Josephson relation f = fJ = 2ev/h, where e is the electronic charge, v is the applied voltage per junction, and h is Planck's constant, and (2) when f = fc (n,m) matches that of the (n,m) the electromagnetic geometrical cavity mode of the thin device, the emission power can be greatly enhanced [1]. For conventional devices such as mesas carved from the top of a Bi2212 single crystal [2,4], the Bi2212 substrate not only absorbs much of the emission nearly parallel to the substrate [1], but its poor thermal conductivity leads to Joule heating,f < 1THz, and the inevitable formation of hot spots, inside of which the local temperature T(r) > Tc [5]. However, “thermally-managedstand-alone” devices constructed by removing the mesa from its Bi2212 substrate, covering its top and bottom surfaces with Au and sandwiching it between sapphire plates [3,6], narrow-linewidth emission at the world-record 2.4 THz from a superconductor was observed [7], placing a lower limit of ∆min ≥ 9.8meV on the bulk Bi2212 gap function, and filling the “THz gap” with a tunable, continuous-wave emitter. Moreover, the emission spectra from that high-symmetry disk [7] and unpublished high-symmetry square devices strongly suggest that only cavity modes obtained from wave functions that are one-dimensional representations of the appropriate point group can lead to electromagnetic cavity mode enhancements [3,7-9]. A theoretical explanation of this previously unknown restriction is presented. [1] R.A.Klemm and K.Kadowaki, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 22, 375701 (2010). [2] M. Tsujimoto et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 037005 (2010). [3] M. Tsujimoto et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 107006 (2012). [4] K. Delfanazari et al., Opt. Express 21, 2171 (2013). [5] H. Minami et al., Phys. Rev. B 89, 054503 (2014). [6] T. Kashiwagi et al., Phys. Rev. Applied 4, 054018 (2015). [7] T. Kashiwagi et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.107, 082601 (2015). [8] D. P. Cerkoney et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29, 015601 (2017). [9] R. A. Klemm, A. E. Davis, and Q. X. Wang, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron.(2017, inpress) DOI 10.1109/JSTQE.2017.2649459
high-temperature superconductor represent stacks of atomic scale intrinsic Josephson junctions. They can be used for generation of high-frequency electromagnetic waves. Here we analyze Josephson emission from small-but-high mesas (with a small area, but containing many stacked junctions). We have found strong evidence for tunable terahertz emission with a good efficacy in a record high-frequency span 1-11 THz, approaching the theoretical upper limit for this superconductor. Emission maxima correspond to in-phase cavity modes in the mesas, indicating coherent superradiant nature of the emission. We conclude that terahertz emission requires a threshold number of junctions N ~ 100. The threshold behavior is not present in the classical description of stacked Josephson junctions and suggests importance of laser-like cascade amplification of the photon number in the cavity.
Using a newly developed double-side fabrication method, an IJJ stack plus a bow-tie antenna and chokes were integrated in a slice 200 nm thick and singled out from inside a bulk Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (BSCCO) single crystal. The junctions in the fabricated stack were very uniform, and the number of junctions involved was rather controllable. In addition to this method, which can be used to fabricate integrated circuits based on intrinsic Josephson junctions in high temperature (Tc) superconductors, also reported will be terahertz responses of IJJs, and the possible applications in quantum voltage standard, spectroscopy, and so on.
We fabricated Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJ) integrating of an oscillator and a detector by double side photolithography and material modification with a dilutehydrochloric acid solution (pH = 1.65) within a monolithic Bi-2212 crystal. The dilute hydrochloric solution modifies Bi-2212 to insulating BiOCl. Various lateral dimensions of the oscillator IJJ from 45 × 8 to 95 × 30 µm2 were formed; all of the detectors were about 15 × 10 to 15 × 30 µm2 in lateral dimensions. These stacks have 180–416 junctions. Zero voltage current for the detector stack was measured at 77 K while sweeping a bias voltage in the oscillator stack. The zero voltage current of the detector stack was strongly suppressed when a kink structure in the current–voltage curve of the oscillator stacks appeared. This indicates that the oscillator stack emits radiation at this voltage. From the Josephson voltage-frequency relation, it is found that the voltage corresponds to about 0.5–1 THz.
We report on THz emission measurements and low temperature scanning laser imaging of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8intrinsic Josephson junction stacks. Coherent emission is observed at large dc input power, where a hot spot and a standing wave, formed in the “cold” part of the stack, coexist. By changing bias current and bath temperature the emission frequency can be varied over a wide range of 350–780 GHz; the variation matches the well-known Josephson-frequency relation. The linewidth of radiation, recently measured with an integrated superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) receiver, is as narrow as 6 MHz, much smaller than expected from a purely cavity-induced synchronization. Thus, an additional mechanism seems to play a role. Some scenarios, related to the presence of the hot spot, are discussed.