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Applied Optics

Pump Energy Absorption in a Ruby Rod

G. Lampis, C. A. Sacchi, O. Svelto

Published Dec 1, 1964• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The radial distribution of the pump energy absorbed within a ruby rod when pumped by a helical flash-tube is experimentally measured. The measurement is performed by taking near-field pictures of the emission pattern of the red fluorescence of the ruby. The emission pattern in this case is a visual reproduction of the energy absorbed at each point of the rod. The following three cases are considered: (a) ruby rod in air, (b) ruby rod covered by a cylindrical sheath of water, and (c) ruby rod covered by a cylindrical sheath of benzyl benzoate. The influence of the ground-state depopulation due to the pumping on the radial distribution is also studied. Experimental curves for the energy density are compared with theoretical curves obtained from the theory developed in a previous paper. The agreement is fairly good, the theoretical curves not differing from the experimental ones by more than 20%.

DOI
10.1364/ao.3.001467

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Several experiments on optically excited ruby are described. First, absorption transitions initiated from the metastable states,t\min{2}\max{3}2Eandt\min{2}\max{3}2T1, are investigated in the photon energy range from 5500 to 45 000 cm-1. The absorption spectrum of these excited states is determined in both\pi-and σ-polarizations and assignments for the observed absorption bands are achieved. Obtained results are compared with other experiments reported in the literature. Next, emission properties of pink ruby are studied in the region near theRlines. The emission spectrum is determined point by point by means of intense flash excitation. The observed weak bands are ascribed to theR'and phonon assistedRtransitions. Laser actions in these bands are discussed and experimental results on phonon terminated laser amplification are presented. An experiment using a giant pulse as an excitation source reveals that the transition time fromt\min{2}\max{3}2Etot\min{2}\max{3}2T1is shorter than a fraction of 1μs at room temperature.

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Self-absorption and phonon-assisted radiative energy transfer processes in a ruby laser rod

X X Zhang, P. Hong, Baldassare Di Bartolo +2 more

Systematic investigations of the effect of self-absorption on the dynamic and steady-state spectroscopic properties in ruby have been carried out at different temperatures (from approximately 130 to 500 K) using a long, pink laser rod. At about 140 K,the lengthening of decay times of the R lines reached a maximum and then decreased with increasing geometric trapping. Spectral diffusion as large as 10 cm -1 was observed in the complete-trapping regime. These observations suggest reexamination of the theoretical model for phonon-assisted radiative energy transfer in ruby.

Journal of Physics Condensed Matter•Jun 20, 1994•3 citations
The radial distribution of the pump energy absorbed within a ruby rod when pumped by a helical flash-tube is experimentally measured. The measurement is performed by taking near-field pictures of the emission pattern of the red fluorescence of the ruby. The emission pattern in this case is a visual reproduction of the energy absorbed at each point of the rod. The following three cases are considered: (a) ruby rod in air, (b) ruby rod covered by a cylindrical sheath of water, and (c) ruby rod covered by a cylindrical sheath of benzyl benzoate. The influence of the ground-state depopulation due to the pumping on the radial distribution is also studied. Experimental curves for the energy density are compared with theoretical curves obtained from the theory developed in a previous paper. The agreement is fairly good, the theoretical curves not differing from the experimental ones by more than 20%.
The Ē-level population of a cylindrical ruby rod is experimentally measured as a function of the pump energy at two points of the cross section of the rod, namely, the center and the periphery. The measurement is performed by measuring the fluorescent energy emitted after pumping by the points considered. The rod is pumped by a spiral flashtube. It is found that the experimental data of population vs pumping follow exponential curves as expected theoretically. From these curves the pump energy necessary for equalizing the populations between ground state and laser level is obtained in a straightforward way. The knowledge of this quantity leads to the measure of the losses (scattering plus diffraction) per pass in the rod. A value of ∼45% of losses is obtained for our rod.
Depopulation of ground-state Cr ions in ruby (DGS) under optical pumping with a Xe flash light has been measured as a function of time. Experiments have been made by means of measuring the decrease in absorbing power for a probe light (5790 Å or 5461 Å) from a Hg lamp. DGS reaches its maximum value after some delay from the peak of Xe light, and decreases after discontinuation of optical pumping with a time constant of 3.4 ms, which is the lifetime of metastable-state 2E. During laser oscillation mean value of DGS is forced to take a constant value, which varies with the condition of laser oscillation. So long as the input energy to the Xe lamp is not altered, the shorter the duration of Xe flash light is, the higher becomes the maximum value of DGS. On the basis of the rate equation, these experimental results have been explained.
We consider ruby as a linear, uniaxial, maxwellian medium, which, in its absorbing state, has axially dependent material constants. It is made active by pumping with electric fields, in the region of shorter-wavelength absorption bands, which, by means of an energy transfer, induce source-type electric fields having constant amplitudes in the R1 and R2 regions, and make possible absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. Experiments indicate that the absorption, fluorescence, and laser action are all maximum for electric fields perpendicular to the optic axis, and minimum when the electric field is parallel to the optic axis; the relative irradiances and shapes of the R1 and R2 bands in all cases depend upon the orientation of the plane of polarization of the emerging radiant flux relative to the optic axis. Attempts are made to compute the spectral distributions in the R1 and R2 bands for the ordinary and extraordinary waves, neglecting all boundary-value problems. Agreement was found to be possible only in the region below the threshold of laser action.
Several experiments on optically excited ruby are described. First, absorption transitions initiated from the metastable states,t\min{2}\max{3}2Eandt\min{2}\max{3}2T1, are investigated in the photon energy range from 5500 to 45 000 cm-1. The absorption spectrum of these excited states is determined in both\pi-and σ-polarizations and assignments for the observed absorption bands are achieved. Obtained results are compared with other experiments reported in the literature. Next, emission properties of pink ruby are studied in the region near theRlines. The emission spectrum is determined point by point by means of intense flash excitation. The observed weak bands are ascribed to theR'and phonon assistedRtransitions. Laser actions in these bands are discussed and experimental results on phonon terminated laser amplification are presented. An experiment using a giant pulse as an excitation source reveals that the transition time fromt\min{2}\max{3}2Etot\min{2}\max{3}2T1is shorter than a fraction of 1μs at room temperature.
Absorption transitions between two excited optical states in ruby have been studied by comparing the absorption coefficients measured under optically pumped and unpumped conditions. The spectrum has been determined in the π-and σ-polarizations in the photon energy range from 5,500 to 45,000 cm -1 . Several absorption bands have been found which arise from the transitions from the excited states t 2g 3 2 E g and t 2g 3 2 T 1g of the Cr 3+ ion. From the locations and intensities of these bands, the terminal states of the observed transitions are assigned to the charge transfer state, the t 2g 3 2 T 2g state, and the doublet states belonging to the electron configuration t 2g 3 e g . Calculated energies between these states and the metastable states, t 2g 3 2 E g and t 2g 3 2 T 1g , are in good agreement with the peak energies of the observed absorption bands. The present experiment gives new information inaccessible by the ordinary ground state absorption measurement, such as the locations of several doublet states with the configuration t 2g 2 e g and the intensities of doublet-doublet transitions in ruby.
Systematic investigations of the effect of self-absorption on the dynamic and steady-state spectroscopic properties in ruby have been carried out at different temperatures (from approximately 130 to 500 K) using a long, pink laser rod. At about 140 K,the lengthening of decay times of the R lines reached a maximum and then decreased with increasing geometric trapping. Spectral diffusion as large as 10 cm -1 was observed in the complete-trapping regime. These observations suggest reexamination of the theoretical model for phonon-assisted radiative energy transfer in ruby.