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International Conference on Communications

Directional space-time modulation: A novel approach for secured wireless communication

Osama N. Alrabadi, Gert Frølund Pedersen

Published Jun 1, 2012• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The paper proposes a novel approach for securing the wireless communication by designing the signal in a way that makes its modulation format direction-dependent. The idea is to exploit the multi antennas at the transmitter to superimpose a space-time varying interfering component (at the modulation rate) while staying orthogonal to the desired receiver's direction. Unlike conventional interference or artificial noise injection techniques, the proposed approach impedes an arbitrary eavesdropper from blindly separating the information data symbols from the injected interference due to its space-time varying nature.

DOI
10.1109/icc.2012.6364574

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The paper proposes a novel approach for securing the wireless communication by designing the signal in a way that makes its modulation format direction-dependent. The idea is to exploit the multi antennas at the transmitter to superimpose a space-time varying interfering component (at the modulation rate) while staying orthogonal to the desired receiver's direction. Unlike conventional interference or artificial noise injection techniques, the proposed approach impedes an arbitrary eavesdropper from blindly separating the information data symbols from the injected interference due to its space-time varying nature.
In this work, a directional modulation-based technique is devised to enhance the security of a multi-antenna wireless communication system employing M-PSK modulation to convey information. The directional modulation method operates by steering the array beam in such a way that the phase of the received signal at the receiver matches that of the intended M-PSK symbol. Due to the difference between the channels of the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper, the signals received by the eavesdropper generally encompass a phase component different than the actual symbols. As a result, the transceiver which employs directional modulation can impose a high symbol error rate on the eavesdropper without requiring to know the eavesdropper's channel. The optimal directional modulation beamformer is designed to minimize the consumed power subject to satisfying a specific resulting phase and minimal signal amplitude at each antenna of the legitimate receiver. The simulation results show that the directional modulation results in a much higher symbol error rate at the eavesdropper compared to the conventional benchmark scheme, i.e., zero-forcing precoding at the transmitter.
In this work, a directional modulation-based technique is devised to enhance the security of a multi-antenna wireless communication system employing M-PSK modulation to convey information. The directional modulation method operates by steering the array beam in such a way that the phase of the received signal at the receiver matches that of the intended M-PSK symbol. Due to the difference between the channels of the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper, the signals received by the eavesdropper generally encompass a phase component different than the actual symbols. As a result, the transceiver which employs directional modulation can impose a high symbol error rate on the eavesdropper without requiring to know the eavesdropper's channel. The optimal directional modulation beamformer is designed to minimize the consumed power subject to satisfying a specific resulting phase and minimal signal amplitude at each antenna of the legitimate receiver. The simulation results show that the directional modulation results in a much higher symbol error rate at the eavesdropper compared to the conventional benchmark scheme, i.e., zero-forcing precoding at the transmitter.
In the conventional directional modulation (DM) system without relay aiding, when the eavesdropper locates within the main-beam of the desired direction, it can intercept the confidential message from source Alice. In this paper, we propose a strategy to enhance physical-layer security of direction modulation in wireless transmission with the help of multi-relay cooperation. In this scenario, the confidential messages are forwarded to the desired destination receiver, and the artificial noise (AN) is enforced to the eavesdroppers with the aid of multi-relays and direction modulation such that the eavesdropper can not successfully recover the useful information from its received signals. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a significantly higher signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) peak at the destination position than at other positions outside the main-beam of the desired position and its secrecy rate performance at undesired position is so poor that the secure transmission is guaranteed.
We consider the problem of secure wireless communication in the presence of an eavesdropper when the transmitter has multiple antennas, using a variation of the recently proposed artificial noise technique. Under this technique, the transmitter sends a pseudo-noise jamming signal to selectively degrade the link to the eavesdropper without affecting the desired receiver. The previous work in the literature focuses on ideal Gaussian signaling for both the desired signal and the noise signal. The main contribution of this paper is to show that the Gaussian signaling model has important limitations and propose an alternative “induced fading” jamming technique that takes some of these limitations into account. Specifically we show that under the Gaussian noise scheme, the eavesdropper is able to recover the desired signal with very low bit error rates when the transmitter is constrained to use constant envelope signaling. Furthermore, we show that an eavesdropper with multiple antennas is able to use simple, blind constant-envelope algorithms to completely remove the Gaussian artificial noise signal and thus defeat the secrecy scheme. We propose an alternative scheme that induces artificial fading in the channel to the eavesdropper, and show that it outperforms the Gaussian noise scheme in the sense of causing higher bit error rates at the eavesdropper and is also more resistant to constant modulus-type algorithms.
The spatial scrambling based secure wireless transmission methods, such as artificial noise and antenna array weighted randomly, can secure wireless transmission at the physical layer. They have a common physical essence, that is, the private message is transmitted in the desired direction while deliberate interference is transmitted in other orthogonal directions. Unfortunately, the interference is not white in spatial domain due to the limitation of the transmit antenna number. A eavesdropper can eliminate the directional interferences by the aid of multiple antennas. In this paper, a unified mathematical model for the above physical-layer methods is established, based on which, a MUSIC-like wiretap algorithm is proposed by exploiting the finite alphabet property of communication symbols. Simulation results show that if the eavesdropper has more antennas than that of the transmitter, the proposed algorithm can intercept information effectively.
An effective method was recently proposed to increase secrecy capacity in MIMO wireless communication systems. By adding artificially generated noise signal into the information-bearing signal, this method can degrade the eavesdropper's receiving signal, but does not affect the desired receiver. This method, however, can only be used in systems where the transmit antenna has more elements than the receive antenna. In this paper, we present a novel noise signal generation approach to enable secure wireless communications in a transmit-receive diversity system. In this approach, we generate our jamming noise signal based on the null space of an equivalent channel of the system. The presented wireless security mechanism can be applied to systems with arbitrary antenna configurations, unlike existing methods that only work for specific array configurations. In addition, the eavesdropper cannot increase its information detection capability by employing more antenna elements. With this scheme, we also enable more degrees of freedom for selecting parameters for jamming noise signal generation, making the decoding at the eavesdropper even harder due to the increased search space. We performed Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the proposed method in an urban macro cellular environment using the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) spatial channel model. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach can significantly increase secrecy capacity, which is independent of the eavesdropper's position and the element number of its antenna.