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Solutions de chaînes de spin XXZ et XYZ avec bords par la séparation des variables

Simone Faldella

Published Dec 11, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this thesis we give accounts on the solution of the open XXZ and XYZ quantum spin-1/2 chains with the most generic integrable boundary terms. By using the the Separation of Variables method (SoV), due to Sklyanin, we are able, in the inhomogeneous case, to build the complete set of eigenstates and the associated eigenvalues. The characterization of these quantities is made through a maximal system of N quadratic equations, where N is the size of the chain. Different methods, like the Algebraic Bethe ansatz (ABA) or other generalized Bethe ansatz techniques, have been used, in the past, in order to tackle these problems. None of them resulted effective in the reproduction of the full set of eigenstates and eigenvalues in the case of most general boundary conditions. A Vandermonde determinant formula for the scalar products of SoV states is obtained as well. The scalar product formula represents a first step towards the calculation of form factors and correlation functions.

DOI
10.70675/7a1edd23z85ddz4baez9e18ze852447813c9

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In this thesis we give accounts on the solution of the open XXZ and XYZ quantum spin-1/2 chains with the most generic integrable boundary terms. By using the the Separation of Variables method (SoV), due to Sklyanin, we are able, in the inhomogeneous case, to build the complete set of eigenstates and the associated eigenvalues. The characterization of these quantities is made through a maximal system of N quadratic equations, where N is the size of the chain. Different methods, like the Algebraic Bethe ansatz (ABA) or other generalized Bethe ansatz techniques, have been used, in the past, in order to tackle these problems. None of them resulted effective in the reproduction of the full set of eigenstates and eigenvalues in the case of most general boundary conditions. A Vandermonde determinant formula for the scalar products of SoV states is obtained as well. The scalar product formula represents a first step towards the calculation of form factors and correlation functions.
Solutions de chaînes de spin XXZ et XYZ avec bords par la séparation des variables Dans cette thèse nous donnons une solution des chaînes quantiques de spin-1/2 XXZ et XYZ ouvertes avec les termes de bord intégrables les plus généraux. En utilisant la méthode de la Séparation des Variable (SoV), à la Sklyanin, on est capable, dans le cas inhomogène, de construire l’ensemble complet des états propres et des valeurs propres associés. La caractérisation de ces quantités est faite par un système maximal de N équations quadratiques, où N est la taille du système. Des méthodes différentes, comme l’ansatz de Bethe algébrique (ABA) ou autres généralisations de l’ansatz de Bethe, ont été utilisés dans le passé pour résoudre ces problèmes. Aucune méthode a pu effectivement reproduire l’ensemble complet des états propres et valeur propres dans le cas de conditions au bord les plus génériques. Une expression, sous forme d’un déterminant à la Vandermonde, pour les produits scalaires entre les états en représentation de SoV est aussi obtenue. La formule pour les produits scalaires représente la première étape pour approcher le problème relié au calcul des facteurs de forme et fonctions de corrélations.
Abstract In our previous paper (Kitanine et al 2017 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor . 50 224001) we have obtained, for the XXX spin-1/2 Heisenberg open chain, new determinant representations for the scalar products of separate states in the quantum separation of variables (SoV) framework. In this article we perform a similar study in a more complicated case: the XXZ open spin-1/2 chain with the most general integrable boundary terms. We first revisit the SoV solution of this model using a matrix version of the Vertex-IRF gauge transformation so as to reduce one of the boundary K -matrices to a diagonal form. As usual within the SoV approach, the scalar products of separate states are computed in terms of dressed Vandermonde determinants having an intricate dependency on the inhomogeneity parameters. We show that these determinants can be transformed into different ones in which the homogeneous limit can be taken straightforwardly. These representations generalize in a non-trivial manner to the trigonometric case the expressions found previously in the rational case. We also show that generically all scalar products can be expressed in a form which is similar to—although more cumbersome than—the well-known Slavnov determinant representation for the scalar products of the Bethe states of the periodic chain. Considering a special choice of the boundary parameters relevant in the thermodynamic limit to describe the half infinite chain with a general boundary, we particularize these representations to the case of one of the two states being an eigenstate. We obtain simplified formulas that should be of direct use to compute the form factors and correlation functions of this model.
Abstract We consider the XXX open spin-1/2 chain with the most general non-diagonal boundary terms, that we solve by means of the quantum separation of variables (SoV) approach. We compute the scalar products of separate states, a class of states which notably contains all the eigenstates of the model. As usual for models solved by SoV, these scalar products can be expressed as some determinants with a non-trivial dependance in terms of the inhomogeneity parameters that have to be introduced for the method to be applicable. We show that these determinants can be transformed into alternative ones in which the homogeneous limit can easily be taken. These new representations can be considered as generalizations of the well-known determinant representation for the scalar products of the Bethe states of the periodic chain. In the particular case where a constraint is applied on the boundary parameters, such that the transfer matrix spectrum and eigenstates can be characterized in terms of polynomial solutions of a usual T - Q equation, the scalar product that we compute here corresponds to the scalar product between two off-shell Bethe-type states. If in addition one of the states is an eigenstate, the determinant representation can be simplified, hence leading in this boundary case to direct analogues of algebraic Bethe ansatz determinant representations of the scalar products for the periodic chain.
The analysis of the transfer matrices associated to the most general representations of the 8-vertex reflection algebra on spin-1/2 chains is here implemented by introducing a quantum separation of variables (SOV) method which generalizes to these integrable quantum models the method first introduced by Sklyanin. More in detail, for the representations reproducing in their homogeneous limits the open XYZ spin-1/2 quantum chains with the most general integrable boundary conditions, we explicitly construct representations of the 8-vertex reflection algebras for which the transfer matrix spectral problem is separated. Then, in these SOV representations we get the complete characterization of the transfer matrix spectrum (eigenvalues and eigenstates) and its non-degeneracy. Moreover, we present the first fundamental step toward the characterization of the dynamics of these models by deriving determinant formulae for the matrix elements of the identity on separated states, which apply in particular to transfer matrix eigenstates. The comparison of our analysis for the 8-vertex reflection algebra with that of [1, 2] for the 6-vertex one leads to the interesting remark that a profound similarity in both the characterization of the spectral problems and of the scalar products exists for these two different realizations of the reflection algebra once they are described by SOV method. As it will be shown in a future publication, this remarkable similarity will be at the basis of the simultaneous determination of form factors of local operators of integrable quantum models associated to general reflection algebra representations of both 8-vertex and 6-vertex type.
We solve the longstanding problem of defining a functional characterization of the spectrum of the transfer matrix associated with the most general spin-1/2 representations of the six-vertex reflection algebra for general inhomogeneous chains. The corresponding homogeneous limit reproduces the spectrum of the Hamiltonian of the spin-1/2 open XXZ and XXX quantum chains with the most general integrable boundaries. The spectrum is characterized by a second order finite difference functional equation of Baxter type with an inhomogeneous term which vanishes only for some special but yet interesting non-diagonal boundary conditions. This functional equation is shown to be equivalent to the known separation of variables (SOV) representation, hence proving that it defines a complete characterization of the transfer matrix spectrum. The polynomial form of the Q -function allows us to show that a finite system of generalized Bethe equations can also be used to describe the complete transfer matrix spectrum.