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Revista Mexicana de Física

Linearizing response of adaptive interferometer based on dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber with saturable absorption

Daniel García Casillas, Serguei I. Stepanov, Marcos Plata Sánchez

Published Apr 1, 2007• 4 citations
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Abstract

"Because of the unshifted type of recorded amplitude gratings, adaptive interferometers based on dynamic population gratings in Er-doped fibers with saturable absorption demonstrate an essentially quadratic response and, as a result, are not sensitive enough to detect a small object displacement ( < ¿/4), and cannot distinguish the displacement direction. We propose, and experimentally demonstrate, two techniques for their linearization which are based on externally introduced phase off-set between the recording interference pattern and the recorded grating. In the transient technique, the application of a fast ¼/2 phase jump in the detected wave makes the system response linear during the transient time of the grating formation T g (typically of a millisecond-submillisecond scale in Er-doped fibers)..."

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Detection of dynamic population gratings in erbium-doped optical fibers by means of transient fluorescence excited by oscillating interference pattern

Serguei I. Stepanov, Eliseo Hernández

We report a new, to the best of our knowledge, method for detection of dynamic population gratings in Er-doped fibers with saturable absorption that is based on observation of the transient fluorescence resulting from fast displacement of the recording interference pattern. The signal appears due to essentially different relaxation times of the fluorescence in bright and dark fringes of the light pattern. The experimental results obtained at the recording wavelength λ=1492 nm in a single-mode fiber with 5600 ppm Er demonstrate good agreement with the theoretical model based on a saturable two-level system. Unlike conventional diffraction-based techniques, the proposed method results in the local grating amplitude value and can be used for characterization of the grating amplitude spatial profile. It can also be suitable for characterization of the grating formation processes in other bulk and thin-film media with saturable absorption.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•May 17, 2007•5 citations

Transient two-wave mixing in linear interferometer based on Er-doped optical fiber with saturable absorption

Serguei I. Stepanov, Fernando Pérez-Cota, Daniel García Casillas +1 more

Transient two-wave mixing in Er-doped optical fibers with saturable absorption was shown to be nearly two times more efficient in linear interferometric configuration with significantly different powers of recording waves than in symmetric recording arrangement.

Frontiers in Optics•Jan 1, 2007•0 citations

Two-wave mixing by means of dynamic Bragg gratings recorded by saturation of absorption in erbium-doped fibers

Serguei I. Stepanov, E. Hernández, M. Plata

We present experimental results of two-wave mixing in single-mode Er-doped optical fibers for which dynamic Bragg reflectance gratings are formed as a result of saturation of fiber-optic absorption (i.e., by means of the effect of spatial hole burning). The gratings are probed by the same recording waves at lambda approximately = 1549 nm and are detected as periodic changes of the intensity of light reflected from a Sagnac interferometer (with a piece of the doped fiber included) observed when periodic phase modulation is induced in one of the waves. Both rectangular and sinusoidal modulation were used, which permitted evaluation of the grating recording time (tau(g) approximately = 3 ms for OFS-Fitel EDF-HG980 fiber) and the grating amplitude, which proved to be approximately 6-7 times lower than expected from measurements of saturation of fiber-optic absorption by one wave only.

Optics Letters•Jun 15, 2004•37 citations

Spectral dependence of two-wave mixing efficiency in saturable erbium-doped fibers

Serguei I. Stepanov, Marcos Plata Sánchez, Eliseo Hernández

Detailed experimental data on the efficiency of two-wave mixing via population dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) with saturable optical absorption are presented. The measurements were performed for spectral region 1490–1560 nm of the EDF absorption/gain spectrum, both for absorption and for phase (refractive index) components of the dynamic grating. The reported data confirm the earlier results published for some particular recording wavelengths. In particular, the amplitude gratings recorded in EDF in the central part of this region (1520–1560 nm) are significantly less efficient (by more than 1 order of magnitude) than it can be estimated from measurements of a spatially uniform fiber absorption saturation. It is shown, however, that this effect cannot be explained by spatial migration of the Er3+ excited state. At the short-wavelength spectrum side around 1490 nm, the disagreement between the experimentally observed and the evaluated grating amplitude is minimum (∼0.3) and can, probably, be attributed to the polarization mismatch in the counterpropagating recording waves.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Sep 8, 2017•7 citations

Transient two-wave mixing via dynamic phase gratings in Yb-doped fibers with saturable absorption

Serguei I. Stepanov, Andrei A. Fotiadi, Patrice Mégret

Two-wave mixing of phase modulated waves via dynamic population gratings in Yb-doped fibers is reported. The unshifted gratings recorded at λ=1064 nm were predominantly of phase type, which ensured efficient linear energy exchange at mW-scale cw power.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•May 1, 2007•1 citation

Dynamics of the population grating formation in erbium-doped fibers

Eduardo Hernández, Liliana O. Martínez-Martínez, Serguei I. Stepanov

"Experimental results on formation dynamics of population gratings in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) investigated via two-wave mixing (TWM) are reported. It is shown that at all three utilized essentially different recording wavelengths 1492, 1526 and 1568nm the transient TWM response in EDF with low erbium concentration (¼ 640 ppm) has the characteristic rate significantly larger than that of the population of the Er3+ meta-stable level evaluated from the fluorescence dynamics. Additionally in EDF with high erbium concentration (¼ 5600 ppm) the TWM response is faster (even at low recording power) and the relative TWM amplitude is lower than that in EDF with low concentration. General increase of the TWM response rate is explained by contribution of a transient decrease of the fiber average absorption level, while above-mentioned differences observed in heavily doped EDF - by spatial migration of the excited states. The spectral dependence of the later effect is attributed to the difference in the absorption/emission cross-section ratio of the Er3+ ions at the utilized wavelengths."

Revista Mexicana de Física•Dec 1, 2015•1 citation
"Because of the unshifted type of recorded amplitude gratings, adaptive interferometers based on dynamic population gratings in Er-doped fibers with saturable absorption demonstrate an essentially quadratic response and, as a result, are not sensitive enough to detect a small object displacement ( < ¿/4), and cannot distinguish the displacement direction. We propose, and experimentally demonstrate, two techniques for their linearization which are based on externally introduced phase off-set between the recording interference pattern and the recorded grating. In the transient technique, the application of a fast ¼/2 phase jump in the detected wave makes the system response linear during the transient time of the grating formation T g (typically of a millisecond-submillisecond scale in Er-doped fibers)..."
We report a new, to the best of our knowledge, method for detection of dynamic population gratings in Er-doped fibers with saturable absorption that is based on observation of the transient fluorescence resulting from fast displacement of the recording interference pattern. The signal appears due to essentially different relaxation times of the fluorescence in bright and dark fringes of the light pattern. The experimental results obtained at the recording wavelength λ=1492 nm in a single-mode fiber with 5600 ppm Er demonstrate good agreement with the theoretical model based on a saturable two-level system. Unlike conventional diffraction-based techniques, the proposed method results in the local grating amplitude value and can be used for characterization of the grating amplitude spatial profile. It can also be suitable for characterization of the grating formation processes in other bulk and thin-film media with saturable absorption.
We present experimental results of two-wave mixing in single-mode Er-doped optical fibers for which dynamic Bragg reflectance gratings are formed as a result of saturation of fiber-optic absorption (i.e., by means of the effect of spatial hole burning). The gratings are probed by the same recording waves at lambda approximately = 1549 nm and are detected as periodic changes of the intensity of light reflected from a Sagnac interferometer (with a piece of the doped fiber included) observed when periodic phase modulation is induced in one of the waves. Both rectangular and sinusoidal modulation were used, which permitted evaluation of the grating recording time (tau(g) approximately = 3 ms for OFS-Fitel EDF-HG980 fiber) and the grating amplitude, which proved to be approximately 6-7 times lower than expected from measurements of saturation of fiber-optic absorption by one wave only.
Detailed experimental data on the efficiency of two-wave mixing via population dynamic grating in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) with saturable optical absorption are presented. The measurements were performed for spectral region 1490–1560 nm of the EDF absorption/gain spectrum, both for absorption and for phase (refractive index) components of the dynamic grating. The reported data confirm the earlier results published for some particular recording wavelengths. In particular, the amplitude gratings recorded in EDF in the central part of this region (1520–1560 nm) are significantly less efficient (by more than 1 order of magnitude) than it can be estimated from measurements of a spatially uniform fiber absorption saturation. It is shown, however, that this effect cannot be explained by spatial migration of the Er3+ excited state. At the short-wavelength spectrum side around 1490 nm, the disagreement between the experimentally observed and the evaluated grating amplitude is minimum (∼0.3) and can, probably, be attributed to the polarization mismatch in the counterpropagating recording waves.
"Experimental results on formation dynamics of population gratings in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) investigated via two-wave mixing (TWM) are reported. It is shown that at all three utilized essentially different recording wavelengths 1492, 1526 and 1568nm the transient TWM response in EDF with low erbium concentration (¼ 640 ppm) has the characteristic rate significantly larger than that of the population of the Er3+ meta-stable level evaluated from the fluorescence dynamics. Additionally in EDF with high erbium concentration (¼ 5600 ppm) the TWM response is faster (even at low recording power) and the relative TWM amplitude is lower than that in EDF with low concentration. General increase of the TWM response rate is explained by contribution of a transient decrease of the fiber average absorption level, while above-mentioned differences observed in heavily doped EDF - by spatial migration of the excited states. The spectral dependence of the later effect is attributed to the difference in the absorption/emission cross-section ratio of the Er3+ ions at the utilized wavelengths."