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Nanophotonics

Propagation and survival of frequency‐bin entangled photons in metallic nanostructures

Laurent Olislager, Wakana Kubo, Takuo Tanaka, Simona Ungureanu, Renaud A. L. Vallée, Branko Kolarić, Philippe Emplit, Serge Massar

Published Sep 11, 2015• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We report on the design of two plasmonic nanostructures and the propagation of frequency‐bin entangled photons through them. The experimental findings clearly show the robustness of frequency‐bin entanglement, which survives after interactions with both a hybrid plasmo‐photonic structure, and a nano‐pillar array. These results confirm that quantum states can be encoded into the collective motion of a many‐body electronic system without demolishing their quantum nature, and pave the way towards applications of plasmonic structures in quantum information.

DOI
10.1515/nanoph-2015-0011

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Abstract We report on the design of two plasmonic nanostructures and the propagation of frequency‐bin entangled photons through them. The experimental findings clearly show the robustness of frequency‐bin entanglement, which survives after interactions with both a hybrid plasmo‐photonic structure, and a nano‐pillar array. These results confirm that quantum states can be encoded into the collective motion of a many‐body electronic system without demolishing their quantum nature, and pave the way towards applications of plasmonic structures in quantum information.
Abstract We performed quantum tomography to reveal the robustness of quantum correlations of photons entangled in polarisation after their interaction with plasmonic and nonplasmonic environments at normal incidence. The experimental findings clearly show that the visibility of quantum correlations survives the interaction, and that the presence of plasmonic resonances has not any significant influence on the survival of polarisation correlations for transmitted photon pairs. The results indicate that quantum states can be encoded into the multiple motions of a many-body electronic system without demolishing their quantum nature. The plasmonic structures and their resonances only enhance the overall transmission. Thus, they could benefit the pair detection rate, that is the number of coincidences per unit of time, but they do not affect the visibility of quantum correlations. We also performed quantum tomography of the entangled pairs after interaction with the continuous planar gold film as a function of the incidence angle. The latter illustrates the loss of polarization correlations that arises from the partially polarizing properties of the isotropic sample out of normal incidence. Our work shows that plasmonic structures are not needed to exploit quantum entanglement if the rate of coincidence counting is sufficient.
We performed quantum tomography to reveal the robustness of quantum correlations of photons entangled in polarisation after their interaction with plasmonic and nonplasmonic environments at normal incidence.The experimental findings clearly show that the visibility of quantum correlations survives the interaction, and that the presence of plasmonic resonances has not any significant influence on the survival of polarisation correlations for transmitted photon pairs.The results indicate that quantum states can be encoded into the multiple motions of a many-body electronic system without demolishing their quantum nature.The plasmonic structures and their resonances only enhance the overall transmission.Thus, they could benefit the pair detection rate, that is the number of coincidences per unit of time, but they do not affect the visibility of quantum correlations.We also performed quantum tomography of the entangled pairs after interaction with the continuous planar gold film as a function of the incidence angle.The latter illustrates the loss of polarization correlations that arises from the partially polarizing properties of the isotropic sample out of normal incidence.Our work shows that plasmonic structures are not needed to exploit quantum entanglement if the rate of coincidence counting is sufficient.
Quantum superpositions and entanglement are at the heart of the quantum information science. There have been only a few investigations of these phenomena at the mesoscopic level, despite the fact that these systems are promising for quantum state storage and processing. Here, we present two novel experiments with surface plasmons propagating on cm-long metallic stripe waveguides. We demonstrate that two plasmons can be entangled at remote places. In addition, we create a single plasmon in a temporal superposition state: it exists in a superposition of two widely separated moments. These quantum states, created using photons at telecom wavelength, are collectively held by a mesoscopic number of electrons coding a single-quantum bit of information; they are shown to be very robust against decoherence.
Quantum superpositions and entanglement are at the heart of the quantum information science. There have been only a few investigations of these phenomena at the mesoscopic level, despite the fact that these systems are promising for quantum state storage and processing. Here, we present two novel experiments with surface plasmons propagating on cm-long metallic stripe waveguides. We demonstrate that two plasmons can be entangled at remote places. In addition, we create a single plasmon in a temporal superposition state: it exists in a superposition of two widely separated moments. These quantum states, created using photons at telecom wavelength, are collectively held by a mesoscopic number of electrons coding a single-quantum bit of information; they are shown to be very robust against decoherence.
The practical development of quantum plasmonic circuits incorporating non-classical interference [1] and sources of entangled states calls for a versatile quantum theoretical framework which can fully describe the generation and detection of entangled photons and plasmons. However, majority of the presently used theoretical approaches are typically limited to the toy models assuming loss-less and nondispersive elements or including just a few resonant modes. Here, we present a rigorous Green function approach describing entangled photon-plasmon state generation through spontaneous wave mixing in realistic metal-dielectric nanostructures. Our approach is based on the local Huttner-Barnett quantization scheme [2], which enables problem formulation in terms of a Hermitian Hamiltonian where the losses and dispersion are fully encoded in the electromagnetic Green functions. Hence, the problem can be addressed by the standard quantum mechanical perturbation theory, overcoming mathematical difficulties associated with other quantization schemes. We derive explicit expressions with clear physical meaning for the spatially dependent two-photon detection probability, single-photon detection probability and single-photon density matrix. In the limiting case of low-loss nondispersive waveguides our approach reproduces the previous results [3,4]. Importantly, our technique is far more general and can quantitatively describe generation and detection of spatially-entangled photons in arbitrary metal-dielectric structures taking into account actual losses and dispersion. This is essential to perform the design and optimization of plasmonic structures for generation and control of quantum entangled states. [1] J.S. Fakonas, H. Lee, Y.A. Kelaita and H.A. Atwater, Nature Photonics 8, 317(2014) [2] W. Vogel and D.-G. Welsch, Quantum Optics, Wiley (2006). [3] D.A. Antonosyan, A.S. Solntsev and A.A. Sukhorukov, Phys. Rev. A 90 043845 (2014) [4] L.-G. Helt, J.E. Sipe and M.J. Steel, arXiv: 1407.4219
A scheme for the generation of frequency-entangled photons using a plasmon nanoantenna system is proposed. The nanoantenna system consists of two large metallic nanostructures confined in a one-sided microcavity with high spontaneous emission factor. Two input photons are converted into an entangled photon pair via the saturation effect of the nanoantenna. The degree of entanglement of the resultant entangled photons is evaluated using the entropy of entanglement, E. We show that broadband frequency-entangled photons with E up to ≈0.45 are generated owing to rapid plasmon radiative decay.