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Cordus Matter: Part 3.1 Wider Locality

Dirk John Pons, Arion Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden Jasper Pons

Published Apr 1, 2011• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The dominant paradigm in conventional physics is that of a �particle�, which this paper suggests is a badly flawed premise. The cordus particuloid is a more coherent concept in that it offers explanations of phenomena that are otherwise puzzling, and does so with one conceptual consistent framework across a wide variety of phenomena. This paper shows how entanglement is readily explained as a natural consequence of the cordus. It also introduces the principle of complementary frequency state synchronisation (CoFS) as the deeper principle beneath the Pauli exclusion principle, and coherence. It is suggested that Bell�s Theorem is only applicable to 1D point particles, and is thus generally irrelevant. Specifically, Bell�s Theorem is not an obstacle to models of hidden variables. Furthermore, it is suggested that the principle of locality is not viable in its present form, and a principle of wider locality is proposed.

Related papers

Cordus Optics: Part 2.1 Frequency

Dirk John Pons, Arion Pons, Ariel M. Pons +1 more

Conventional particle and wave theories struggle to explain the frequency of photons and matter in a coherent manner using natural physics. This paper applies the cordus conjecture to develop a model for frequency of the photon. The interpretation is that there really is a part of the photon cordus that moves with a frequency. The working model is for a reciprocal motion: the energy alternates between the two reactive ends across the span of the cordus, and the hyff represent the observable electric field. This cordus model for frequency readily explains polarisation and tunnelling, and the concept is fundamental to other developments of the cordus mechanics including the reflection and refraction of particuloids. The implications are that frequency is not just an intrinsic variable, but a physical effect within the photon. The cordus frequency is a fundamental conceptual building-block in creating an integrated solution that unifies wave and particle behaviour. It is a powerful concept that is coherent across many other phenomena too, including matter particuloids and it contributes subsequently to the cordus model for granular fields.

•Apr 1, 2011•2 citations

Cordus Matter: Part 3.4 Special States of Matter

Dirk John Pons, Arion Pons, Ariel M. Pons +1 more

The Cordus principle of complementary frequency states (CoFS) is used to develop a novel descriptive model for the mechanisms underlying superfluidity and superconductivity. In both cases Cordus explains the effects as synchronisation of forces between electrons and atoms. Several associated effects are likewise explained, including quantum vortices, heat conduction in superfluids, and the Meissner effect in superconductors. Cordus also asserts that superposition does not exist, at least not the way QM conceptualises it. In particular, that the mathematics of superposition and the wavefunction are not the reality, only mathematical approximations of deeper effects, and are unreliable qualitative descriptors of those underlying mechanisms. The concept of �coherence� is reconceptualised and the reasons why that state cannot be readily achieved are discussed. Cordus also explains why Quantum mechanics, which seems to apply at the level of individual particles, does not scale up to macroscopic bodies.

•Apr 1, 2011•0 citations

Circumventing Bell’s Theorem? Design of a Non-Local Hidden-Variable Model with Physical Substructures

Dirk John Pons, Arion Pons

The purpose of this paper was to look for non-local designs of particles. We show that the Bell-type theorems are not proof against a hidden variable solution, by presenting such a model complete with the first level of internal functional structures. A design method was used to infer the internal structures that would be necessary to explain the observed phenomena of entanglement. The result is a novel model called the cordus particule, which is proposed to have two reactive ends that are separated in space. The model proposes the internal structures and provides mechanisms showing how the external behaviour arises from those structures. A mechanism is given for superluminal entanglement. The model predicts outcomes from Bell-type tests that are consistent with empirical results. This shows that it is conceptually possible to create hidden-variable solutions that are based on physical sub-structures. We suggest that the better interpretation of entanglement and the Bell-type theorems is that both local realism and the zero-dimensional point construct are false. The cordus model produces a new concept for the mechanism for locality and the extents thereof, and implies the need to abandon strict locality and local realism, at least at the deeper level. Nonetheless an approximate retention of both locality and realism is provided. The results suggest it is worthwhile questioning the established ideas of physics regarding the composition of particules, and we particularly identify the zero-dimensional point construct as ripe for revision.

•Mar 1, 2012•2 citations

Conceptual Framework for a Novel Non-Local Hidden-Variable Theory of Physics: Overview of the Cordus Theory

Dirk John Pons, Arion Pons, Ariel M. Pons +1 more

PROBLEM- There are many integration problems of fundamental physics that still lack ontologically coherent solutions. NEED- There is a need to find a new theory of physics with wide-ranging logical consistency. The idea that particles could have internal structure has long been a consideration in the development of theories of physics, as evidenced in the EPR criticism (Einstein, Podolsky, & Rosen, 1935). DIFFICULTY- However Local hidden-variable solutions are excluded by the Bell-type inequalities and by the empirical evidence of entanglement. The non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) sector is not entirely excluded on theoretical grounds. However, if any solution existed it would have to be counterintuitive as all the obvious candidates have been excluded [4]. Unfortunately the hidden-variable sector has proved incapable of offering suitable solutions. APPROACH- Conceptual design methods were borrowed from engineering design and applied to create an initial conjectural solution for the double-slit device. This was then validated against multiple other phenomena. RESULTS- This paper offers a candidate solution, in the form of a new theory of physics wherein particles have internal structures. This Cordus theory proposes a specific structure for particles, for both the structure internal to the particle and the nature of the external discrete field emissions. FINDINGS- It also has good external construct validity, as it: explains path dilemmas in interferometers; recovers basic laws of optics from first principles (reflection, refraction, Brewster’s angle); identifies the causes of contextual measurement; explains the transition from coherence to discoherence; explains pair-production and annihilation; offers a solution to the asymmetrical baryogenesis and leptogenesis problems; explains time dilation; conceptually unifies the electro-magneto-gravitational forces with the strong interaction; explains the selective spin attributes of the neutrino species; predicts the internal structure of the atomic nucleus and explains the stability, instability and non-existence of the table of nuclides from Hydrogen to Neon. ORGINALITY- The Cordus theory is a novel conceptual framework for fundamental physics. It shows that a specific structure of particles has excellent explanatory power for many phenomena. The strengths of the theory are: Explanatory (ontological) power; Coherent solution across multiple phenomena; Offers candidate solutions to otherwise intractable problems. IMPLICATIONS- The Bell-type inequalities are falsified. Physical realism is re-asserted. The stochastic nature of the wave-function is subsumed in a deeper explanation. The theory is not inimical to quantum mechanics, which it reinterprets as a stochastic approximation of a deeper determinism. The new theory has philosophical implications because it shows that it is possible to conceive of a solution for fundamental physics that is grounded in physical realism. The theory therefore rebuts the idea that the deeper level of physics is purely mathematical, and it rejects the many-worlds interpretation.

•Apr 1, 2011•0 citations

Why Does Quantum Mechanics not Scale Up

Dirk John Pons, Arion Pons, Ariel M. Pons +1 more

Quantum mechanics (QM) has the problem of lacking a coherent conceptual foundation, even if its quantitative algorithms are functionally adequate. This paper appraises the conceptual logic beneath quantum mechanics, using as the point of reference a novel alternative conceptual framework called the cordus conjecture. If the cordus conjecture is correct then the comparison suggests that quantum mechanics is conceptually fallacious in several areas: (1) Particles need not be zero-dimensional points after all. (2) Bell�s theorem is refuted as being not universally applicable, and the principle of locality also fails. (3) The wavefunction is a mathematical approximation of a deeper reality, and superposition is not a physical state. (4) Superposition confounds positional and causal (temporal) variability, and this causes the weirdness of the QM interpretations. (5) Cordus identifies the factors that cause decoherence and (6) explains why quantum mechanics does not scale up to macroscopic objects. (7) It is fallacious to consider fields and particles as independent phenomena. Instead they are closely coupled in the cordus, and this explains the measurement context. Several core principles of QM are thereby refuted. The paradox of Schr�dinger�s Cat is explained as an artefact of these flawed premises. The paper also explains why the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics is a reasonable approximation to reality, even if the concepts are not. The mathematics works, at least within a certain scale-range where: (a) things look like particles and the proposed cordus structure is not evident (i.e. not too small) and (b) where body-coherence is attainable (i.e. not too large). Outside of that range quantum mechanics seems neither conceptually nor mathematically relevant. The same analysis predicts QM is unlikely to scale down to the next deeper level of physics. The implications are that QM is profoundly deficient in its conceptual foundations, and is only an approximation of a deeper and more logically consistent mechanics.

•Jul 1, 2011•3 citations

Cordus Matter: Part 3.2 Matter Particuloids

Dirk John Pons, Arion Pons, Ariel M. Pons +1 more

Some of the most enigmatic effects in the physics of electrons are its waveparticle duality and the Aharonov-Bohm and Casimir effects. Even relatively core concepts of atomic physics, like spin and the Pauli exclusion principle, lack satisfactory descriptive explanations. This paper shows that application of the cordus principle can explain these effects in a coherent manner.

•Apr 1, 2011•0 citations
The dominant paradigm in conventional physics is that of a �particle�, which this paper suggests is a badly flawed premise. The cordus particuloid is a more coherent concept in that it offers explanations of phenomena that are otherwise puzzling, and does so with one conceptual consistent framework across a wide variety of phenomena. This paper shows how entanglement is readily explained as a natural consequence of the cordus. It also introduces the principle of complementary frequency state synchronisation (CoFS) as the deeper principle beneath the Pauli exclusion principle, and coherence. It is suggested that Bell�s Theorem is only applicable to 1D point particles, and is thus generally irrelevant. Specifically, Bell�s Theorem is not an obstacle to models of hidden variables. Furthermore, it is suggested that the principle of locality is not viable in its present form, and a principle of wider locality is proposed.
Conventional particle and wave theories struggle to explain the frequency of photons and matter in a coherent manner using natural physics. This paper applies the cordus conjecture to develop a model for frequency of the photon. The interpretation is that there really is a part of the photon cordus that moves with a frequency. The working model is for a reciprocal motion: the energy alternates between the two reactive ends across the span of the cordus, and the hyff represent the observable electric field. This cordus model for frequency readily explains polarisation and tunnelling, and the concept is fundamental to other developments of the cordus mechanics including the reflection and refraction of particuloids. The implications are that frequency is not just an intrinsic variable, but a physical effect within the photon. The cordus frequency is a fundamental conceptual building-block in creating an integrated solution that unifies wave and particle behaviour. It is a powerful concept that is coherent across many other phenomena too, including matter particuloids and it contributes subsequently to the cordus model for granular fields.
The Cordus principle of complementary frequency states (CoFS) is used to develop a novel descriptive model for the mechanisms underlying superfluidity and superconductivity. In both cases Cordus explains the effects as synchronisation of forces between electrons and atoms. Several associated effects are likewise explained, including quantum vortices, heat conduction in superfluids, and the Meissner effect in superconductors. Cordus also asserts that superposition does not exist, at least not the way QM conceptualises it. In particular, that the mathematics of superposition and the wavefunction are not the reality, only mathematical approximations of deeper effects, and are unreliable qualitative descriptors of those underlying mechanisms. The concept of �coherence� is reconceptualised and the reasons why that state cannot be readily achieved are discussed. Cordus also explains why Quantum mechanics, which seems to apply at the level of individual particles, does not scale up to macroscopic bodies.
The purpose of this paper was to look for non-local designs of particles. We show that the Bell-type theorems are not proof against a hidden variable solution, by presenting such a model complete with the first level of internal functional structures. A design method was used to infer the internal structures that would be necessary to explain the observed phenomena of entanglement. The result is a novel model called the cordus particule, which is proposed to have two reactive ends that are separated in space. The model proposes the internal structures and provides mechanisms showing how the external behaviour arises from those structures. A mechanism is given for superluminal entanglement. The model predicts outcomes from Bell-type tests that are consistent with empirical results. This shows that it is conceptually possible to create hidden-variable solutions that are based on physical sub-structures. We suggest that the better interpretation of entanglement and the Bell-type theorems is that both local realism and the zero-dimensional point construct are false. The cordus model produces a new concept for the mechanism for locality and the extents thereof, and implies the need to abandon strict locality and local realism, at least at the deeper level. Nonetheless an approximate retention of both locality and realism is provided. The results suggest it is worthwhile questioning the established ideas of physics regarding the composition of particules, and we particularly identify the zero-dimensional point construct as ripe for revision.
PROBLEM- There are many integration problems of fundamental physics that still lack ontologically coherent solutions. NEED- There is a need to find a new theory of physics with wide-ranging logical consistency. The idea that particles could have internal structure has long been a consideration in the development of theories of physics, as evidenced in the EPR criticism (Einstein, Podolsky, & Rosen, 1935). DIFFICULTY- However Local hidden-variable solutions are excluded by the Bell-type inequalities and by the empirical evidence of entanglement. The non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) sector is not entirely excluded on theoretical grounds. However, if any solution existed it would have to be counterintuitive as all the obvious candidates have been excluded [4]. Unfortunately the hidden-variable sector has proved incapable of offering suitable solutions. APPROACH- Conceptual design methods were borrowed from engineering design and applied to create an initial conjectural solution for the double-slit device. This was then validated against multiple other phenomena. RESULTS- This paper offers a candidate solution, in the form of a new theory of physics wherein particles have internal structures. This Cordus theory proposes a specific structure for particles, for both the structure internal to the particle and the nature of the external discrete field emissions. FINDINGS- It also has good external construct validity, as it: explains path dilemmas in interferometers; recovers basic laws of optics from first principles (reflection, refraction, Brewster’s angle); identifies the causes of contextual measurement; explains the transition from coherence to discoherence; explains pair-production and annihilation; offers a solution to the asymmetrical baryogenesis and leptogenesis problems; explains time dilation; conceptually unifies the electro-magneto-gravitational forces with the strong interaction; explains the selective spin attributes of the neutrino species; predicts the internal structure of the atomic nucleus and explains the stability, instability and non-existence of the table of nuclides from Hydrogen to Neon. ORGINALITY- The Cordus theory is a novel conceptual framework for fundamental physics. It shows that a specific structure of particles has excellent explanatory power for many phenomena. The strengths of the theory are: Explanatory (ontological) power; Coherent solution across multiple phenomena; Offers candidate solutions to otherwise intractable problems. IMPLICATIONS- The Bell-type inequalities are falsified. Physical realism is re-asserted. The stochastic nature of the wave-function is subsumed in a deeper explanation. The theory is not inimical to quantum mechanics, which it reinterprets as a stochastic approximation of a deeper determinism. The new theory has philosophical implications because it shows that it is possible to conceive of a solution for fundamental physics that is grounded in physical realism. The theory therefore rebuts the idea that the deeper level of physics is purely mathematical, and it rejects the many-worlds interpretation.
Quantum mechanics (QM) has the problem of lacking a coherent conceptual foundation, even if its quantitative algorithms are functionally adequate. This paper appraises the conceptual logic beneath quantum mechanics, using as the point of reference a novel alternative conceptual framework called the cordus conjecture. If the cordus conjecture is correct then the comparison suggests that quantum mechanics is conceptually fallacious in several areas: (1) Particles need not be zero-dimensional points after all. (2) Bell�s theorem is refuted as being not universally applicable, and the principle of locality also fails. (3) The wavefunction is a mathematical approximation of a deeper reality, and superposition is not a physical state. (4) Superposition confounds positional and causal (temporal) variability, and this causes the weirdness of the QM interpretations. (5) Cordus identifies the factors that cause decoherence and (6) explains why quantum mechanics does not scale up to macroscopic objects. (7) It is fallacious to consider fields and particles as independent phenomena. Instead they are closely coupled in the cordus, and this explains the measurement context. Several core principles of QM are thereby refuted. The paradox of Schr�dinger�s Cat is explained as an artefact of these flawed premises. The paper also explains why the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics is a reasonable approximation to reality, even if the concepts are not. The mathematics works, at least within a certain scale-range where: (a) things look like particles and the proposed cordus structure is not evident (i.e. not too small) and (b) where body-coherence is attainable (i.e. not too large). Outside of that range quantum mechanics seems neither conceptually nor mathematically relevant. The same analysis predicts QM is unlikely to scale down to the next deeper level of physics. The implications are that QM is profoundly deficient in its conceptual foundations, and is only an approximation of a deeper and more logically consistent mechanics.