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NATO science series. Series II, Mathematics, physics and chemistry

Strange Properties of Quantum Systems and Possible Interpretations

Giovanni Costa

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/1-4020-2751-6_19

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Once measured, a simple quantum system collapses into one state. Before that, it can be in a superposition of several states. Though these exist in a probabilistic interpretation, we often say that "the particle was in several states and collapsed to one". Although the theory and experiments agree to this, it is counter-intuitive. We give a model that delivers a possible viewpoint to overcome that strangeness. We introduce two computation ideas to interpret this apparent variation of the number of states and model its counting: computation without zero, and computing state probabilities as projections in probability dimensions of the particle positions. We bypass the physics and mathematical formalism involved, focusing not on the states and their physics, but solely on the counting of the “number of states”, given its strangeness. This model is a simplification for discussion purposes. From an arithmetical point of view, our findings suggest a conservation law for the number of states, before and after a measurement, in favor of a convergent quantum and classical physics interpretation.
The aim of this study is to produce a simulation of EPR experiments violating the CHSH-Bell inequalities using physically interpretable objects (properties defined before measurement) and interactions (no supraliminal communication), without influence from any theory. It turns out that the proposed model systematically violates the CHSH-Bell inequalities reaching all the values ( 2 ≤ S ≤ 4 ) . Our simulation reproduces experimental entanglements with greater efficiency. This approach has at least two consequences. First, it demonstrates that violations of the CHSH-Bell inequalities are possible while still verifying the principles of realism and locality, but in a different sense from that of Bell’s theorem. Therefore, Bell’s theorem itself is not called into question, nor are the results of the EPR experiments. However, it is the deduction that leads to the current interpretation (often described as strange because it does not follow one of the principles of realism and locality as defined by Bell’s theorem) that is challenged. Second, it challenges real-world EPR experiments to exceed the efficiency rates of our simulation. Our idealization demonstrates that, between the efficiency rates required to confirm the violation of Bell’s inequalities and the efficiency rates of our idealization, the interpretation of experiments remains possible within a framework of “classical” physical principles (properties defined before measurement and no supraliminal communication). Confirming the strangeness of quantum mechanics would therefore require obtaining efficiency rates higher than those of Bell’s theorem.
The discovery of the electron and its strange properties is the cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Based on their spin properties, photons and electrons, now categorized as fermions and bosons under the Standard Model, exhibit an enigmatic dual nature of wave and particle. This property, the interpretation of which is still debated today, is supported by various experiments, as we saw in Chap. 4 . One of these, in particular, can be considered the basis of any interpretative model on the dual nature of photons and electrons, the double-slit experiment. This experiment will lead to the famous Copenhagen interpretation, which is still a key to explain quantum mechanics today. With all its incredible weirdness, the double-slit experiment is thus the basis of quantum mechanics, as we shall see in this chapter. Experiments and interpretations of the strange quantum properties of the electron have also led to the discovery of other physical phenomena seemingly impossible according to classical physics, such as the tunnel effect and quantum entanglement. These phenomena have no classical equivalent and can be explained only by resorting to quantum properties of electrons.