The aim of this study is to produce a simulation of EPR experiments violating the CHSH-Bell inequalities using physically interpretable objects (properties defined before measurement) and interactions (no supraliminal communication), without influence from any theory. It turns out that the proposed model systematically violates the CHSH-Bell inequalities reaching all the values ( 2 ≤ S ≤ 4 ) . Our simulation reproduces experimental entanglements with greater efficiency. This approach has at least two consequences. First, it demonstrates that violations of the CHSH-Bell inequalities are possible while still verifying the principles of realism and locality, but in a different sense from that of Bell’s theorem. Therefore, Bell’s theorem itself is not called into question, nor are the results of the EPR experiments. However, it is the deduction that leads to the current interpretation (often described as strange because it does not follow one of the principles of realism and locality as defined by Bell’s theorem) that is challenged. Second, it challenges real-world EPR experiments to exceed the efficiency rates of our simulation. Our idealization demonstrates that, between the efficiency rates required to confirm the violation of Bell’s inequalities and the efficiency rates of our idealization, the interpretation of experiments remains possible within a framework of “classical” physical principles (properties defined before measurement and no supraliminal communication). Confirming the strangeness of quantum mechanics would therefore require obtaining efficiency rates higher than those of Bell’s theorem.
The aim of this study is to produce a simulation of EPR experiments violating the CHSH-Bell inequalities using physically interpretable objects (properties defined before measurement) and interactions (no supraliminal communication), without influence from any theory. It turns out that the proposed model systematically violates the CHSH-Bell inequalities reaching all the values ( 2 ≤ S ≤ 4 ) . Our simulation reproduces experimental entanglements with greater efficiency. This approach has at least two consequences. First, it demonstrates that violations of the CHSH-Bell inequalities are possible while still verifying the principles of realism and locality, but in a different sense from that of Bell’s theorem. Therefore, Bell’s theorem itself is not called into question, nor are the results of the EPR experiments. However, it is the deduction that leads to the current interpretation (often described as strange because it does not follow one of the principles of realism and locality as defined by Bell’s theorem) that is challenged. Second, it challenges real-world EPR experiments to exceed the efficiency rates of our simulation. Our idealization demonstrates that, between the efficiency rates required to confirm the violation of Bell’s inequalities and the efficiency rates of our idealization, the interpretation of experiments remains possible within a framework of “classical” physical principles (properties defined before measurement and no supraliminal communication). Confirming the strangeness of quantum mechanics would therefore require obtaining efficiency rates higher than those of Bell’s theorem.
This paper demonstrates the capability to simulate EPR experiments in a realistic way (i.e. without transmission of information between the source and the detector) and confirms even more the Bell’s theorem, by demonstrating that effectively non-local variables are required to violate the Bell’s inequality. Unlike all EPR experiments, this modeling instead of simply noting the inadequacy of a local modeling proposes a new way of non-local idealization. These simulations work on spreadsheet by idealizing objects with a non-linear notion, the extended object. This allows to set up a new principle of locality (or non-locality) and a new meaning on the loopholes of EPR experiments. It sheds new light on several concepts of Quantum Mechanics (QM): the quantum states (would represent an equivalence class of many different indistinguishable objects seen as equivalent in terms of measurement), the wave function (would represent a probability on this equivalence class seen as a single set despite different probabilities of happening for the individual objects composing this equivalence class), the measurement (in our simulation, the measured object is not modified), the superposition of states (in our simulation, Schrödinger's cat is never both dead and alive). These simulations lead to several kinds of EPR experiments with violations of the Bell’s inequalities with values different from the QM, allow to realize entanglements with more than 2 objects (whatever the number of Alice and Bob) or even with more than 2 results (beyond the only “+1” or “-1” outputs). Many questions remain to be explored in the physics domain on quantum phenomena (teleportation, encryption, quantum computing, etc.…), but this theoretical approach also reveals the necessity of developing new non-linear tools in mathematics domain and seems to show that QM could finally be a limit case of a more fundamental nonlinear physics theory founded on these extended objects. This observation is strangely reminiscent of developments such as string theory.
This paper demonstrates the capability to simulate EPR experiments in a realistic way (i.e.without transmission of information between the source and the detector) and confirms even more the Bell's theorem, by demonstrating that effectively non-local variables are required to violate the Bell's inequality.Unlike all EPR experiments, this modeling instead of simply noting the inadequacy of a local modeling proposes a new way of non-local idealization.These simulations work on spreadsheet by idealizing objects with a non-linear notion, the extended object.This allows to set up a new principle of locality (or non-locality) and a new meaning on the loopholes of EPR experiments.It sheds new light on several concepts of Quantum Mechanics (QM): the quantum states (would represent an equivalence class of many different indistinguishable objects seen as equivalent in terms of measurement), the wave function (would represent a probability on this equivalence class seen as a single set despite different probabilities of happening for the individual objects composing this equivalence class), the measurement (in our simulation, the measured object is not modified), the superposition of states (in our simulation, Schrödinger's cat is never both dead and alive).These simulations lead to several kinds of EPR experiments with violations of the Bell's inequalities with values different from the QM, allow to realize entanglements with more than 2 objects (whatever the number of Alice and Bob) or even with more than 2 results (beyond the only "+1" or "-1" outputs).Many questions remain to be explored in the physics domain on quantum phenomena (teleportation, encryption, quantum computing, etc.), but this theoretical approach also reveals the necessity of developing new non-linear tools in mathematics domain and seems to show that QM could finally be a limit case of a more fundamental nonlinear physics theory founded on these How to cite this paper: Le Corre, S.
Abstract. Bell inequalities are intended to show that local realist theories cannot describe the world. A local realist theory is one where physical properties are defined prior to and independent of measurement, and no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. Quantum-mechanical predictions for certain experiments violate the Bell inequality while a local realist theory cannot, and this shows that a local realist theory cannot give those quantum-mechanical predictions. However, because of unexpected circumstances or “loopholes ” in available experiment tests, local realist theories can reproduce the data from these experiments. This paper reviews such loopholes, what effect they have on Bell inequality tests, and how to avoid them in experiment. Avoiding all these simultaneously in one experiment, usually called a “loophole-free ” or “definitive ” Bell test, remains an open task, but is very important for technological tasks such as device-independent security of quantum cryptography, and ultimately for our understanding of the world. ar X iv
Abstract This chapter presents a detailed discussion of Bell inequalities and their experimental tests. Starting from the Aharonov-Bohm version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, we review EPR’s criteria for realism and completeness and Bell’s locality condition, before deriving the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. This is followed by an exposition on Bell’s original inequality and other Bell inequalities by Wigner, as well as Clauser and Horne. We then discuss the milestones in the experimental violation of Bell inequalities, from the experiment of Freedman and Clauser in the 1970s, to the efforts of Aspect et al. in the 1980s, the experiments by the teams of Zeilinger and Gisin in the 1990s, and culminating the loophole-free tests in 2015. Finally we turn to a brief discussion of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, focusing on contrasting the realist views held by, e.g., Einstein and Bell, and the informational views with proponents such as Brukner and Zeilinger
Bell inequalities are intended to formulate mathematically the argument of the thought-experiment proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) in the Einstein-Bohr Debate. Devised to test Bell inequalities against quantum mechanics for resolving the Einstein-Bohr debate, Bell experiments are purportedly modern versions of the EPR experiment. However, there exists a fatal logical flaw in Bell experiments. Because of the logical flaw, Bell experiments differ essentially from the EPR experiment, and quantum correlation in the EPR experiment is not "quantum entanglement" in Bell experiments; the latter is not physically meaningful. In addition to the logical flaw in Bell experiments, a physical constraint imposed on measuring individual quantum objects is violated by all Bell inequalities, which makes Bell inequalities physically meaningless. Unlike Bell experiments, the EPR experiment will not violate any physical constraint, and the EPR argument has no logical flaw. Consequently, the experimental invalidation of Bell inequalities is not evidence for falsifying the two fundamental hypotheses for scientific research, i.e., locality and realism, underlying the EPR experiment, and by no means can Bell experiments resolve the Einstein-Bohr debate. Stemming from abandoning either locality or realism or both, the so-called new applications of quantum mechanics, including various quantum information technologies, are all ineligible and doomed to failure, for they attempt to exploit physically meaningless "quantum superposition" or "quantum entanglement", treating them as physical resources "out there" in the real world.
The EPR paradox was caused by the provision that quantum variables must have pre-existing values. This type of "hidden property realism" was later falsified by Bell's Theorem. Accordingly, the physical basis for action-at-a-distance between entangled quanta was removed. Yet, modern interpretations present Bell's inequality as a Locality Criterion, as if Bell violations can only happen at the quantum level, and only with remote interactions. This is a questionable practice, considering that classical joint measurements also violate such inequalities for mutually exclusive wave properties. In particular, consecutive measurements of polarization produce the same coefficients of correlation as parallel measurements with entangled quanta, yet they are explicitly local. Furthermore, it is possible to combine parallel and consecutive measurements of Type I polarization-entangled photons in a single experiment, conclusively showing that quantum Bell violations can be local. Surprisingly, classical phenomena also require nonlocal interpretations if pre-existing properties are taken for granted. Hence, the solution is to reject the models with pre-existing properties for both classical and quantum wave-like phenomena.