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Science

Quantum Weirdness in the Lab

Robert W. Boyd, Kam Wai Clifford Chan, Malcolm N. O’Sullivan

Published Sep 27, 2007• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Response in the violation of the Bell inequality to imperfect photon addition and subtraction in noisy squeezed states of light,
DOI
10.1126/science.1148947

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While the interface between strong-field physics and quantum optics offers a unique regime for combining extreme nonlinearity with quantum optical resources, its potential for generating non-classical states of light remains largely unexplored. Standard protocols for generating optical Schrödinger cat states, such as photon subtraction from squeezed light, are inherently limited in the achievable macroscopicity of the state and its scalability. In this work, we bridge this gap by demonstrating that above-threshold ionization driven by bright squeezed light provides a strong-field analogue of photon subtraction, where photoelectron detection acts as a high-intensity heralding mechanism, enabling the generation of large amplitude optical Schrödinger cat states. We characterize the resulting non-Gaussian features and show that they can be tuned via the detected photoelectron momentum, and study their robustness against the experimental imperfections arising from finite momentum resolution at the heralding step. Despite the noise, we show that the generated states can be manipulated to violate a Bell inequality, thereby highlighting their potential for foundational and practical applications. Our results establish strong-field processes as a scalable platform for macroscopic quantum state engineering, opening a route to quantum optics in previously inaccessible regimes.
We show that the coherent superposition ta^+ra^† of photon subtraction and addition applied to each local mode of a two-mode entangled state can enhance the nonlocality manifested by the violation of a Bell inequality. A two-mode squeezed state is used as an input state for this demonstration with four different Bell inequalities employed: Bell inequalities adopting displaced parity operator, pseudospin operator, homodyne measurement, and conditional entropy, respectively. We find that the coherent operation significantly enhances the nonlocality remarkably in the weak squeezing limit, compared with other possible non-Gaussian operations. It can also give a maximal Bell violation with a very small squeezing for the inequalities with pseudospin operator and conditional entropy.