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Physical Review Letters

Cooperative Luminescence in YbP O 4

Eiichiro Nakazawa, Shigeo Shionoya

Published Dec 21, 1970• 324 citations
Publisher

Abstract

YbP${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ was found to show weak green (497 nm) luminescence when excited by infrared (1 \ensuremath{\mu}m) light. It is concluded, on the basis of measurements of excitation intensity dependence and decay time, that this luminescence is due to the emission of a photon by a pair of excited ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ ions in cooperation.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.25.1710

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YbPO4{\mathrm{O}}_{4}O4​ was found to show weak green (497 nm) luminescence when excited by infrared (1 \ensuremath{\mu}m) light. It is concluded, on the basis of measurements of excitation intensity dependence and decay time, that this luminescence is due to the emission of a photon by a pair of excited Yb3+{\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}Yb3+ ions in cooperation.
Cooperative luminescence phenomenon of Yb:YAG crystals was studied. Up-converted blue luminescence was obviously observed in Yb:YAG under excitation in the near-infrared region with a wavelength 940 nm. Experimental evidence was provided by the fact that the intensity of 498 nm luminescence shows a quadratic dependence on excitation power, and the intensity of blue luminescence increased with the increase in Yb ion concentration. It is concluded that this luminescence is due to a cooperative process resulting from a strong interaction of Yb ions. The cooperative luminescence is possiblely assigned to the strong interaction of 4f(13) electrons and neighboring Yb3+ ions in a covalent host lattice such as YAG. Theoretical cooperative luminescence spectrum was calculated.
A series of Yb3+-doped yttrium aluminum monoclinic Y4Al2O9 (Yb:YAM) single crystals with Yb3+ ion concentrations of 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 at.% was grown by means of micro pulling down method. Blue emission was observed in Yb3+ activated YAM crystals under infrared site-selective laser excitation. Through the excitation and emission spectra, decay time measurements and excitation intensity dependence the process responsible for this anti-Stokes emission was assigned to the cooperative deexcitation of two Yb3+ ions. The results show that at 10% Yb3+ dopant concentration investigated system could be considered as single-site system in which cooperative luminescence is dominated by the energetically lowest Yb3+ site. Theoretical cooperative emission spectrum and the cooperative luminescence rate of Yb3+:YAM were calculated.
An investigation was made of the kinetics of the luminescence due to 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 and 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 transitions in the Er 3+ ion in yttrium erbium aluminum garnet crystals subjected to strong resonant excitation argon laser radiation (λ = 4880 nm). The efficiency of the cooperative process resulting in nonlinear quenching of the luminescence from the 4 I 13/2 level and sensitization of the 4 I 11/2 level was estimated. The influence of this process on the kinetics of lasing as a result of the 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 13/2 transition (λ = 2.94 μ) was analyzed.
In single crystals of the dimer compound Cs3Y2Br9:10% Yb3+ below 31 K, both visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) luminescence intensities were found to exhibit hysteresis as a function of incident NIR intensity and temperature. The optical bistability is intrinsic to Cs3Y2Br9:10% Yb3+ and not a result of an external feedback. Lowering the temperature to 11 K strongly enhances the all-optical switching behavior. The switching on VIS cooperative upconversion and NIR luminescence transitions occurs simultaneously and with opposite polarity reflecting the competition of both emission processes. On/Off switching ratios of up to 4.8 and 1.7 were observed for VIS and NIR luminescence intensities. Using NIR luminescence spectroscopy, differences in the internal sample temperature of up to 7 K were found between the upper and lower branches of the hystereses. A two-level density-matrix model is developed which includes ground- and excited-state interactions and shows that the intrinsic bistability due to a local field different from the external field is strongly amplified by the nonlinear cooperative upconversion process. Alternatively, a rate-equation model is presented which takes the multilevel nature of the ions into account but is more phenomenological in nature. Formally, the two models are shown to be equivalent, and they qualitatively explain all major experimental observations. It is found both theoretically and experimentally that increasing the coupling within Yb3+ dimers and/or decreasing energy migration through the Yb3+ lattice enhances switching and renders it easier to observe intrinsic optical bistability.