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AIP conference proceedings

Structure of a Quantized Vortex in Fermi Atom Gas

Masahiko Machida, Tomio Koyama

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In atomic Fermi gases, the pairing character changes from BCS‐like to BEC‐like when one decreases the threshold energy of the Feshbach resonance. With this crossover, the system enters the strong‐coupling regime through the population enhancement of diatom molecules, and the vortex structure becomes much different from well‐known core structures in BCS superfluid since the superfluid order parameter is given by a sum of BCS pairs and BEC molecular condensates. In this paper, we study the structure of a vortex by numerically solving the generalized Bogoliubov‐de Gennes equation derived from the fermion‐boson model and clarify how the vortex structure changes with the threshold energy of the Feshbach resonance. We find that the diatom boson condensate enhances the matter density depletion inside the vortex core and the discreteness of localized quasi‐particle spectrum.

DOI
10.1063/1.2354608

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In atomic Fermi gases, the pairing character changes from BCS‐like to BEC‐like when one decreases the threshold energy of the Feshbach resonance. With this crossover, the system enters the strong‐coupling regime through the population enhancement of diatom molecules, and the vortex structure becomes much different from well‐known core structures in BCS superfluid since the superfluid order parameter is given by a sum of BCS pairs and BEC molecular condensates. In this paper, we study the structure of a vortex by numerically solving the generalized Bogoliubov‐de Gennes equation derived from the fermion‐boson model and clarify how the vortex structure changes with the threshold energy of the Feshbach resonance. We find that the diatom boson condensate enhances the matter density depletion inside the vortex core and the discreteness of localized quasi‐particle spectrum.
In order to clarify the structure of a singly quantized vortex in a superfluid fermion gas near the Feshbach resonance, we numerically solve the generalized Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation in the boson-fermion model. The superfluid gap, which contains contributions from both condensed fermion pairs and condensed bosons, is self-consistently determined, and the quasiparticle excitation levels bound in the vortex core are explicitly shown. We find that the boson condensate contributes to enhance the matter density depletion and the discreteness of localized quasiparticle spectrum inside the core. It is predicted that the matter density depletion and the discrete core levels are detectable in the vicinity of the BCS-Bose-Einstein condensation crossover point.
We consider a single vortex in a superfluid Fermi gas in the BCS-BEC crossover regime near a Feshbach resonance. The effect of the molecular Bose-Einstein condensate upon the vortex structure is discussed within the mean field approximation at zero temperature. Using the self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation of the fermion-boson coupled model, we calculate density distributions of atoms and molecules. As the number of the molecules increases, both atomic and molecular density changes from BCS-like distribution to BEC-like. We also study the change of the vortex core size in the crossover regime.
In order to understand what kind of information can be extracted from the vortex-core structure in superfluid fermion-atom gases we make a systematic study for the core structure of a singly quantized vortex in the range of broad Feshbach resonance, solving numerically the generalized Bogoliubov--de Gennes equation derived from the fermion-boson model. Numerical calculations reveal that the vortex core can be well characterized by three length scales from the spatial variation of the fermionic and bosonic gap functions. We also predict that the profile of matter depletion and the quasiparticle spectrum show distinctive differences between the BCS and Bose-Einstein Condensate regimes.
We use Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) theory to describe a vortex in a neutral fermionic gas, for an attractive interaction that can be arbitrarily tuned to exhibit a crossover from BCS to Bose--Einstein condensation (BEC). We adopt the BCS--Leggett mean-field ground state for which a BdG approach is microscopically justified, and for which a Gross--Pitaevskii description emerges in the BEC limit. The local density of fermionic states is used to provide insight into the particle density depletion from BCS to BEC. We relate this depletion to the presence of unoccupied discrete states at the core center, as well as to a suppression of negative energy continuum states.
We investigate strong-coupling superfluidity in a uniform two-component gas of ultracold Fermi atoms attractively interacting via quasimolecular bosons associated with a Feshbach resonance. This interaction is tunable by the threshold energy $2\ensuremath{\nu}$ of the Feshbach resonance, becoming large as $2\ensuremath{\nu}$ is decreased (relative to $2{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{F}},$ where ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ is the Fermi energy of one component). In recent work, we showed that the enhancement of this tunable pairing interaction naturally leads to the BCS-BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) crossover, where the character of the superfluid phase transition changes from the BCS type to a BEC of composite bosons consisting of preformed Cooper-pairs and Feshbach-induced molecules. In this paper, we extend our previous work and study both the quasiparticles and the collective dynamics of the superfluid phase below the phase-transition temperature Tc,{T}_{\mathrm{c}},Tc​, limiting ourselves to a uniform gas. We show how the superfluid order parameter changes from the Cooper-pair amplitude $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ to the square root of the number of condensed molecules $({\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{m}})$ associated with the Feshbach resonance, as the threshold energy $2\ensuremath{\nu}$ is lowered. In the intermediate coupling regime, the superfluidity is shown to be characterized by an order parameter consisting of a superposition of $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{m}}.$ We also discuss the Goldstone mode associated with superfluidity, and show how its character smoothly changes from the Anderson-Bogoliubov phonon in the BCS regime to the Bogoliubov phonon in the BEC regime in the BCS-BEC crossover. The velocity of this Goldstone phonon mode is shown to strongly depend on the value of $2\ensuremath{\nu}.$ We also show that this Goldstone mode appears as a resonance in the spectrum of the density-density correlation function, which is experimentally accessible.
We investigate strong-coupling effects on the superfluid phase transition in a gas of Fermi atoms with a Feshbach resonance. The Feshbach resonance describes a composite quasiboson that can give rise to an additional pairing interaction between the Fermi atoms. This attractive interaction becomes stronger as the threshold energy $2\ensuremath{\nu}$ of the Feshbach resonance two-particle bound state is lowered. In a recent paper, we showed that in the uniform Fermi gas, this tunable pairing interaction naturally leads to a crossover from a BCS state to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of the Nozi\`eres and Schmitt-Rink kind, in which the BCS-type superfluid phase transition continuously changes into the BEC type as the threshold energy is decreased. In this paper, we extend our previous work by including the effect of a harmonic trap potential, treated within the local-density approximation. We also give results for both weak and strong coupling to the Feshbach resonance. We show that the BCS-BEC crossover phenomenon strongly modifies the shape of the atomic density profile at the superfluid phase-transition temperature Tc,{T}_{\mathrm{c}},Tc​, reflecting the change of the dominant particles going from Fermi atoms to composite bosons. In the BEC regime, these composite bosons are shown to first appear well above Tc.{T}_{\mathrm{c}}.Tc​. We also discuss the ``phase diagram'' above Tc{T}_{\mathrm{c}}Tc​ as a function of the tunable threshold energy $2\ensuremath{\nu}.$ We introduce a characteristic temperature ${T}^{*}(2\ensuremath{\nu})$ describing the effective crossover in the normal phase from a Fermi gas of atoms to a gas of stable molecules.