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Journal of Computer Security

On the impossibility of building secure Cliques-type authenticated group key agreement protocols

Olivier Pereira, Jean-Jacques Quisquater

Published Apr 20, 2006• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The A-GDH.2 and SA-GDH.2 authenticated group key agreement protocols showed to be flawed in 2001. Even though the corresponding attacks (or some variants of them) have been rediscovered in several different frameworks, no fixed version of these protocols has been proposed until now. In this paper, we prove that it is in fact impossible to design a scalable authenticated group key agreement protocol based on the same design assumptions as the A-GDH ones. We proceed by providing a systematic way to derive an attack against any A-GDH-type protocol with at least four participants and exhibit protocols with two and three participants which we cannot break using our technique. As far as we know, this is the first generic insecurity result reported in the literature concerning authentication protocols.

DOI
10.3233/jcs-2006-14204

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Abstract. In this paper we analyse the security of two authenticated group key agreement schemes based on the group key agreement protocol of Burmester and Desmedt. One scheme was proposed by Burmester and Desmedt, and uses a separate authentication scheme to achieve authentication among the participants. We show that this scheme suffers from a number of security vulnerabilities. The other scheme was generated using the general protocol compiler of Katz and Yung. We show that in some circumstances, even if key confirmation is implemented, this scheme still suffers from insider attacks (which are not covered by the security model used by Katz and Yung). 1

•Jan 1, 2005•0 citations
The A-GDH.2 and SA-GDH.2 authenticated group key agreement protocols showed to be flawed in 2001. Even though the corresponding attacks (or some variants of them) have been rediscovered in several different frameworks, no fixed version of these protocols has been proposed until now. In this paper, we prove that it is in fact impossible to design a scalable authenticated group key agreement protocol based on the same design assumptions as the A-GDH ones. We proceed by providing a systematic way to derive an attack against any A-GDH-type protocol with at least four participants and exhibit protocols with two and three participants which we cannot break using our technique. As far as we know, this is the first generic insecurity result reported in the literature concerning authentication protocols.
Authenticated Group Key Agreement Protocols are protocols allowing\na group of principals to contributively generate a key by the\nexchange of messages on a network possibly controlled by an\nattacker. Furthermore, their execution also guarantees all group\nmembers that the key they obtained can only be known by the other\nintended protocol participants. These protocols can be exploited\nin many applications such as audio or videoconferencing,\nreplicated servers (such as database, web, time servers), chat or\nnetwork games for instance. \n AGKAP's present several particularities that make them interesting\ncase studies for research in the theory of security. At first, the\nconsideration of the number of protocol participants as a\nparameter raises several complexity problems that are not present\nin the classical two or three-party frameworks. Furthermore, up to\nnow, the security properties of group protocols have roughly been\nconsidered as direct extensions of two-party properties, what does\nnot capture several plausible attack scenarios. A second\ninteresting aspect of the analysis of AGKAP's is the consideration\nof Diffie-Hellman-type primitives, that present properties out\nof the scope of most classical models. \n We started our study with the construction of a simple model for\nthe analysis of a classical family of protocols: the Cliques\nAGKAP's. This allowed us to discover several attacks and define\ndifferent flavors of group security properties. We then tried to\nfix these protocols, what led us to extend our model in order to\nprove that it is in fact impossible to build a secure AGKAP based\non the same design assumptions as the Cliques protocols. Finally,\nwe designed a new AGKAP based on different cryptographic\nprimitives (signature and hash functions) for which we proved\nauthentication, freshness and secrecy properties. A comparison\nwith a similar AGKAP developed in parallel to ours is also\nproposed.
We consider the problem of authenticated group key exchange among n parties communicating over an insecure public network. A number of solutions to this problem have been proposed; however, all prior provably-secure solutions do not scale well and, in particular, require O (n) rounds. Our main contribution is the first scalable protocol for this problem along with a rigorous proof of security in the standard model under the DDH assumption; our protocol uses a constant number of rounds and requires only O (1) \full modular exponentiations per user. Toward this goal (and adapting work of Bellare, Canetti, and Krawczyk), we first present an efficient compiler that transforms any ngroup key-exchange protocol secure against a passive eavesdropper to an authenticated protocol which is secure against an active adversary who controls all communication in the network. This compiler adds only one round and O (1) communication (per user) to the original scheme. We then prove secure | against a passive adversary | a variant of the two-round group key-exchange protocol of Burmester and Desmedt. Applying our compiler to this protocol results in a provably-secure three-round protocol for authenticated group key exchange which also achieves forward secrecy.
Two ID-based authenticated group key agreement schemes, proposed by Choi et al and Du et al, are insecure against an impersonation attack and they only discussed the static group. This paper proposed a variant of BD protocol, which is fully authenticated by a proven-secure ID-based signature scheme. The protocol can resist the impersonation attack, and other security attributes are also satisfied. Compared with Choi et al and Du et al schemes, the proposed one is more efficient and applicable for dynamic groups.
The last decade has witnessed a sharp spike in the popularity of group applications, such as multi-media conferencing, collaborative workspaces, as well as dynamic coalitions common in law enforcement and disaster rescue scenarios. Standard security services required in such group settings (such as confidentiality, integrity and authentication) can be efficiently achieved if all group members share a secret key. A group key agreement protocol (GKA) provide a technique for any set of participating players to collaboratively establish a shared key. In this thesis, we tackle two challenging issues in GKA: robustness and privacy-preserving authentication. Robustness improves performance by guaranteeing completion of GKA protocols despite participating player or communication failures. Affiliation-hiding authenticated GKA prevents from man-in-the-middle-attacks by authenticating players in a privacy-preserving manner. We propose a two-round group key agreement protocol, which offers a natural trade-off between message size and the desired level of fault-tolerance. We demonstrate that in a realistic setting of random player faults, the new protocol has logarithmic-sized messages and expected round complexity close to two. We generalize a robust group key agreement protocol to support heterogeneous players for a general environment. We prove the security of the proposed protocols under the standard cryptographic assumptions. We present the formal definition of the affiliation-hiding GKA in a standard PKI model with re-usable certificates. The model includes strong security properties, called perfect forward secrecy (PFS) and linkable affiliation-hiding (LAH)—that an key agreement protocol might provide in the face of player corruptions and session compromises. We construct two variants of optimal-cost AH-AGKA protocols, which satisfy PFS and LAH notions under the standard cryptographic assumptions in the random oracle model. The protocol yields minimal costs: three rounds of interaction matches the round complexity of non-private PFS authenticated GKA and its computation costs are comparable to the cost of unauthenticated GKA.
Abstract. In this paper we analyse the security of two authenticated group key agreement schemes based on the group key agreement protocol of Burmester and Desmedt. One scheme was proposed by Burmester and Desmedt, and uses a separate authentication scheme to achieve authentication among the participants. We show that this scheme suffers from a number of security vulnerabilities. The other scheme was generated using the general protocol compiler of Katz and Yung. We show that in some circumstances, even if key confirmation is implemented, this scheme still suffers from insider attacks (which are not covered by the security model used by Katz and Yung). 1