This paper identifies the substantial nature of microworld wave-corpuscle duality and sets out fundamental differences between the microworld and macroworld wave-corpuscle duality. Wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic objects over a century has been among the most intriguing features of microworld. The fact is that microworld objects typically exhibit corpuscularity properties, that is, properties of strictly localized objects, and at the same time in special conditions have properties of spatially distributed and spatially unbounded media. Wave-corpuscle properties of microscopic objects were revealed during diffraction experiments when moving microscopic objects are passing through slots, through crystal lattices, nearby edges of bodies etc. Microscopic objects which have cleared diffractive obstacles (diffracted microobjects) leave spot traces on observation screen which speaks for their corpuscularity while distribution of numerous traces reminds in its nature intensity distribution of diffracted purely wave flows. Experiments prove that wave-corpuscle properties are exhibited by each individually diffracted microobject. Substantial nature of microobjects is still unknown. According to quantum physics a
This paper identifies the substantial nature of microworld wave-corpuscle duality and sets out fundamental differences between the microworld and macroworld wave-corpuscle duality. Wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic objects over a century has been among the most intriguing features of microworld. The fact is that microworld objects typically exhibit corpuscularity properties, that is, properties of strictly localized objects, and at the same time in special conditions have properties of spatially distributed and spatially unbounded media. Wave-corpuscle properties of microscopic objects were revealed during diffraction experiments when moving microscopic objects are passing through slots, through crystal lattices, nearby edges of bodies etc. Microscopic objects which have cleared diffractive obstacles (diffracted microobjects) leave spot traces on observation screen which speaks for their corpuscularity while distribution of numerous traces reminds in its nature intensity distribution of diffracted purely wave flows. Experiments prove that wave-corpuscle properties are exhibited by each individually diffracted microobject. Substantial nature of microobjects is still unknown. According to quantum physics a
It has been experimentally established that moving microobjects possess wave-particle duality - the ability to exhibit the properties of a strictly limited, and at the same time, unlimited object. Physics explains this using quantum formalism. The theory of nonlinear oscillations, operating on Newton’s methods, has discovered, thanks to an analogy with the well-known aerodynamic phenomena, that a real etheric wave component appears in a microobject when its velocity exceeds a critical value. During diffraction of this moving micro-object, its wave component is split. Since the ether wave propagates at a speed of 8•108m•s−1, ahead of the corpuscular component, the detached part of the wave component and its main part, weighed down by the corpuscular component, interfere according to special rules.
Wave-corpuscle duality is a property of nature whereby microscopic material objects can exhibit the properties of classical waves under certain conditions and the properties of classical particles under others. This property is typically demonstrated by observing interference as particles penetrate a barrier consisting of two slits. Below, we consider how the wave properties of a corpuscle in the form of an atom can influence a nearby identical atom, which exhibits the same wave properties. Atoms arranged in this manner represent coupled, identical oscillators, between which energy can be transferred to the maximum extent possible from one oscillator to the other. As a result, a nuclear reaction is possible, in which some nucleons from the nucleus of one atom are transferred to the nucleus of another atom. A list of all such reactions between all naturally occurring nuclides is provided, and it is shown that such reactions are responsible for the difference in the elemental composition of the Earth's crust from the elemental composition of the interstellar matter from which the Earth's crust formed. This confirms the presence of wave properties in atoms, leading to nuclear reactions between identical atoms.
We debate first the properties of quantum mechanics and its difficulties and the reasons resulting in these diffuculties and its direction of development. The fundamental principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics are proposed and established based on these shortcomings of quantum mechanics and real motions and interactions of microscopic particles and backgound field in physical systems. Subsequently, the motion laws and wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles described by nonlinear Schr?dinger equation are studied completely in detail using these elementary principles and theories. Concretely speaking, we investigate the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, the mechanism and rules of particle collision and the uncertainty relation of particle’s momentum and position, and so on. We obtained that the microscopic particles obey the classical rules of collision of motion and satisfy the minimum uncertainty relation of position and momentum, etc. From these studies we see clearly that the moved rules and features of microscopic particle in nonlinear quantum mechanics is different from those in linear quantum mechanics. Therefore, nolinear quantum mechanics is a necessary result of development of quantum mechanics and represents correctly the properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve difficulties and problems disputed for about a century by scientists in linear quantum mechanics field.
Different schools have different explanations for the wave-particle duality of microscopic particles. Hidden variable interpretation, pilot wave interpretation, stochastic processes interpretation and so on all think that the generation of wave-particle duality has deeper reasons. According to these interpretations, macroscopic objects can also exhibit significant wave-particle duality. The authors performed a round-hole diffraction experiment of powder particles: some powder particles of the same mass and shape are freely dropped to a plane one by one through a circular hole. At first, the powder particles are distributed disorderly on the plate in the box. With the increase of the number of falling powder particles, a diffraction pattern composed of several concentric rings is gradually presented. This implies that wave-particle duality is not unique to microscopic particles, and it is also exhibited by macroscopic objects. The experimental results help to reveal the nature of wave-particle duality.
原有量子力学的由Schrodinger方程不能很好地描述微观粒子的局域特性和波-粒二象性，因此，量子力学必须改进和发展。在非线性系统中我们考虑了粒子之间或它与背景场之间的非线性相互作用，于是必须用非线性Schrodinger方程去描述的微观粒子的状态。至此，微观粒子的状态和特征相对于线性系统发生了根本性的变化。在这种情况下不论外势场如何变化，但非线性Schrodinger方程都能给出具有波-粒二象特性的解，它由包络孤子和一个载波组成，有一个具有确定的位置的质心；同时，微观粒子此时也具有一个确定的质量，能量和动量，和它们遵守的质量，能量和动量守恒定律，在外场作用时粒子是稳定的，并满足经典运动方程和遵守哈密顿方程和拉格朗日方程。于是用非线性Schrodinger方程去描述的微观粒子具有一个明显的的局域特性和波-粒二象性， 从而彻底消除了原有量子力学存在近一个世纪的困难和问题。基于这些新的结果我们可建立起完整和系统的非线性量子力学理论体系，推动量子力学的发展。因此这一研究具有重要意义。 In original quantum mechanics the Schrodinger equation is, in essence, a wave equation, wherein the microscopic particles depicted have only a wave feature, and not a corpuscle nature. These descriptors do not agree only with the Broglie relation of wave-corpuscle duality, but also with experimental results and the traditional knowledge of particle concept. Meanwhile, the theory gives only some approximate solutions. Thus a series of contradictory representations and problems occur in quantum mechanics, which have re-sulted in durative disputations focused on the area of physics and have not led to any united conclusions until now. The only way to solve these problems and difficulties is to develop the quantum mechanics. We inves-tigate in detail wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles described by a nonlinear Schrodinger equa-tion in nonlinear quantum systems. Concretely speaking, we here study the properties of the solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles, invariance and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, and so on. Studied results show that the solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation depicting microscopic particles is a soliton and have a wave-corpuscle duality, microscopic particles have always a mass center and possess determinant positions, sizes, mass, mo-mentum, energy and form, their mass, momentum and energy satisfy corresponding conservation laws, their dynamic states can be described by both nonlinear Schrodinger equation and classical Lagrangian and Ham-ilton equations, their motions obey the classical Newton-type law of motion. These properties indicate that the microscopic particles described by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation have a corpuscle nature. However, the solutions of dynamic equation are some solitary waves which are accompanied by a carrier wave to propagate in space-time, and possess certain frequency and wave speed. Thus microscopic particles described by nonlinear quantum mechanics have also wave feature. Thus we can affirm that the microscopic particles depicted by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation have a perfect wave-corpuscle duality, which are in essence different from those in linear quantum mechanics. Based on these results we can establish a new nonlinear quantum mechanics, which can solve these difficulties and problems disputed for about a century in linear quantum mechanics.
The contents of the article is mirrored in its title. In science the fact is well-known, that often opposite notions about that or diverse phenomenon result in identical end results, that produces bitter controversies of the opponents. The example can be served by century dispute between the supporters of the wave and corpuscular nature of light, dispute between a system of Ptolemy and Copernicus and many other conflictings in the most miscellaneous areas of science. The wave description of physical phenomena cannot be executed without of elastic medium (ether) in which one there is a wave process and is diffused by means of this elastic medium. Therefore description of wave phenomena in a solid, liquid and gas adequately mirrors the test datas and problems here does not arise. There, where the elastic medium misses, it is necessary to invent miscellaneous ruses to distribute the wave description and to these objects: empty world space (world ether in the miscellaneous fancy forms), internal space of atoms (wave functions of probability), fields (short-range interaction of fields by means of transfer of a disturbance from one point to other), electromagnetic radiation of the Maxwell (simultaneous oscillation magnetic and electrical field in an elastic medium). The wave description of world is fine is designed, since above it many generations of the known scientists worked, but main brake here it is necessary to have in stock an elastic medium. There, where it no or there are doubts in its existence, a field for critics there is opened. In the formal-mathematical description of the world the elastic medium is not necessary any more. Record a wave equation and decide it for the diversified cases. Though in mathematical relation such description of the world perfectly, but the physical sense of mathematical manipulations is lost. Specially it notably in a quantum mechanics. As a consequence, the similar description it is easy to subject a severe critic. To be salvaged from of intrusive critics, it is necessary to invent completely fancy notions about a microcosmos, which one do not have conformity in a macroworld. Thus, the unity of the world is upset, that directly contradicts fundamental laws of universe. The absence of physical sense is the main unremovable brake of the formal-mathematical description of the world. The corpuscular description of the world, basically, is a merit of Newton. Because of small number of the supporters of such description «have defeated» wave notions. The main brake for of corpuscular world was established by Newton, by formulating the law even and rectilinear motion of free bodies. This law has become force majeure for explanation of an interference, polarization and some other properties of light. Attempts to mate the wave description with corpuscular (wave-corpuscle dualism of microparticles [1]) are originally doomed on a fall because of a principled difference between a wave and particle. The ether is not necessary for the corpuscular description of the world in any to the form, therefore photon, for example, billions of years not «being spread» can move in space, that is impossible from the point of view of the wave description of its motion. The main lack of the corpuscular description of the world consists in incompletness of official toolkit for such description. Only new corpuscular quantum physics has entered notion about originating of a gravidynamic field at motion of gravitational charges and bound with this fact by screw motion of free bodies. It has allowed to revise many fundamental rules of classic physics and quantum mechanicses and to realise a capability of the corpuscular description of the world to the full. Unfortunately, it has taken place after in heads of the scientists strongly was fixed paradigm, designed Einstein and fathers of a quantum mechanics. This paradigm had time knock home in heads of millions students and even of the homemakers. In outcome new scientific paradigm on the basis of new physics meets aggressive hostility. It, certainly, temporary phenomenon and the victory new paradigm in science is foregone, as was already repeatedly. It is a pity, that this the temporary interval, usually, exceeds temporary existence of the person in the land of the living, and orthodoxes permanently self-reproduction by conservative science.