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Demonstration of background-free, phase-preserving parametric up-conversion at the single-photon level

Yu‐Hsiang Cheng, Tim O. Thomay, Glenn S. Solomon, Alan L. Migdall, Sergey V. Polyakov

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate single-photon-level phase preservation in an up-converting interferometer. The up-conversion process is background-free to within experimental uncertainty, allowing high fringe contrast even at low photon levels. This enables faithful up-conversion of entangled photon pairs.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2015.fm3a.1

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We demonstrate up-conversion with no statistically significant background photons and a dynamic range of 15 decades. Near-infrared 920 nm photons were converted into the visible at 577 nm using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides pumped by a 1550 nm laser. In addition to achieving statistically noiseless frequency up-conversion, we report a high degree of phase preservation (with fringe visibilities ≥ 0.97) at the single-photon level using an up-converting Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This background-free process opens a path to single-photon detection with no intrinsic dark count. Combined with a demonstrated photon-number preserving property of an up-converter, this work demonstrates the feasibility of noiseless frequency up-conversion of entangled photon pairs.
We characterize an efficient and nearly-noiseless parametric frequency upconverter. The ultra-low noise regime is reached by the wide spectral separation between the input and pump frequencies and the low pump frequency relative to the input photons. The background of only ≈100 photons per hour is demonstrated. We demonstrate phase preservation in a frequency upconversion process at the single-photon level. We summarize our efforts to measure this ultra-low noise level, and discuss both single-photon avalanche photodiode measurements and a photon-counting transition edge sensor (TES) measurements. To reach the required accuracy, we supplemented our TES with a dark count reduction algorithm. The preservation of the coherence was demonstrated by simultaneously upconverting the input of each arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer through high interference fringe contrast. We observe fringe visibilities of ≥0.97 with faint coherent input.
The generation of high purity single photons and entangled photon pairs is a crucial first step in many quantum optics experiments, including those that require quantum teleportation [1], entanglement swapping [2], and the generation of multi-photon entanglement [3]. The most widely used and established approach for creating photon pairs is spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) - where pump photons undergo a non-linear optical process to create a down-converted photon pair [4]. Traditionally, the generation of high-purity heralded single photons required severe spectral filtering, introducing additional loss. However, through careful engineering of spectral correlations of the down-converted photon pairs one can circumvent the need for filtering and avoid the accompanying reduction in heralding efficiency.