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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

The coherent population trapping passive frequency standard

Jaques Vanier, M. W. Levine, D. Janssen, M.J. Delaney

Published Apr 1, 2003• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Coherent population trapping in alkali atoms has opened a new avenue in the implementation of atomic frequency standards having promising characteristics for field use. The paper gives a short description of the phenomenon, interprets experimental observations by means of a four-level model, outlines the use of such a phenomenon in the frequency standard field, and gives an evaluation of the achievable frequency stability based on the contrast and line Q realizable in practice.

DOI
10.1109/tim.2003.810005

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Coherent population trapping in alkali atoms has opened a new avenue in the implementation of atomic frequency standards having promising characteristics for field use. The paper gives a short description of the phenomenon, interprets experimental observations by means of a four-level model, outlines the use of such a phenomenon in the frequency standard field, and gives an evaluation of the achievable frequency stability based on the contrast and line Q realizable in practice.
The paper gives an overview of our present theoretical understanding of coherent population trapping in alkali metal atoms as used in the implementation of an atomic frequency standard. Two approaches are examined: The passive approach in which the microwave hyperfine resonance is detected directly on the transmitted radiation and the maser approach in which the same resonance is observed by means of stimulated emission in a microwave cavity. The theoretical analysis reviewed is supported by experimental results.
The paper describes the practical realization and characteristics of a small, totally autonomous, passive frequency standard based on the coherent population trapping (CPT) phenomenon. A description of the frequency standard, including physical characteristics, block diagrams of the optical control CPT resonance system and of the digital control electronics is given. The characteristics of the frequency standard relative to general functionality and frequency stability are given, as measured on several units.
The phenomenon of coherent population trapping in alkali-metal atoms is analyzed by means of a perturbation approach. Closed form transparent solutions are obtained for the coherences existing within the system and the populations of the ground levels and of the excited state. The presence of dark lines and coherent microwave emission from the ground state are made explicit. Experimental results that confirm the theoretical calculations are reported for the case of cesium in a buffer gas. Conclusions are drawn in connection with the application of coherent population trapping to the field of atomic frequency standards.