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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

A new atomic frequency standard: the coherent population trapping Cs maser

A. Godone, Filippo Levi, Jaques Vanier

Published Nov 27, 2002• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Recent studies have shown the feasibility of a Cs maser without population inversion based on the coherent population trapping phenomenon. Among the main advantages of this type of frequency standard are size, simplicity of implementation, virtual absence of first order light shift and the availability of a low noise microwave signal leading to the realization of a standard with an excellent short term frequency stability.

DOI
10.1109/cpem.1998.699845

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Recent studies have shown the feasibility of a Cs maser without population inversion based on the coherent population trapping phenomenon. Among the main advantages of this type of frequency standard are size, simplicity of implementation, virtual absence of first order light shift and the availability of a low noise microwave signal leading to the realization of a standard with an excellent short term frequency stability.
The use of coherent population trapping (CPT) for the realization of a Cs coherent microwave emitter without population inversion is described. Preliminary experimental results are reported regarding the radio frequency spectrum of the emitted microwave radiation, the emission profile width, and the transient behavior of the output power. This new approach, based on the coherence properties of the laser radiation, allows the implementation of a microwave frequency standard where the linear light shift is absent and the thermal noise limit for the frequency instability is below 10(-12) for an integration time of 1 s.
We examine in this paper the spectral characteristics of a coherent population trapping (CPT) maser in order to evaluate the frequency stability achievable by this kind of passive frequency standard. The peculiar features of the coherent microwave emission associated with the coherent population trapping phenomenon are theoretically examined taking into account the impact of the various noise contributions on the physical principle of operation. The theoretical predictions are then compared with the experimental results obtained with a laboratory prototype of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b}87Rb CPT maser. The measured frequency stability is mainly limited in the short term by the system thermal noise and in the medium term by the thermal drift and turns out to be in agreement with the computations within a factor of 2.
The description of a new type of frequency standard based on coherent population trapping (CPT) in cesium is given. The phenomenon creates a magnetization oscillating at the hyperfine frequency. Microwave radiation emitted by such a magnetization is detected by means of a microwave cavity. The process takes place without population inversion. Results are given for continuous and pulsed operation. The possibility of using the CPT coherent microwave emission as the basis of a frequency standard is analyzed.
The coherent population trapping phenomenon (CPT) has created interesting avenues in the practical realization of atomic frequency standards using laser optical pumping. In practice two different types of standards can be implemented: a passive clock based on the dark state created in the ensemble by the CPT phenomenon and a maser based on the ground state oscillating magnetization induced by the same phenomenon. The paper describes the basic physics involved in the approach and summarizes the progress made thus far in the practical implementation of such frequency standards.