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Non classical effects in planar waveguides

M. Bertolotti, Jaroslav Jánský, Jan Peřina, V. Pernova, C. Sibilia

Published Jan 1, 1993• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The quantum description of light propagation inside a planar waveguide is given. In particular, the description describes the behavior of the field inside a directions coupler. Nonclassical effects are presented and discussed.

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arXiv:quant-ph/0405051•Physical Review A•Oct 21, 2004•12 citations
A quantum description of the spatial behavior of a field that satisfies a spatial nonlinear Schrödinger equation (e.g., a single-mode field in a nonlinear planar waveguide) is studied with the assumption that quantum effects are small. An analytical expression for dissipation in systems governed by the spatial nonlinear Schrödinger equation is presented. Dissipation is found to have detrimental effects on the behavior of quantum phenomena such as quantum noise, squeezing, and bunching. A detecting scheme for the spatial frequency components of the nonclassical properties is also given.
Classical optics describes quite successfully the propagation of laser light, both in free-space and inside a transparent medium. On the other hand, neither classical optics nor the conventional formulation of quantum optics can address adequately the propagation of nonclassical light. Nonclassical states of light are usually described by second-quantization operators acting onto the vacuum state of the radiation field, and the corresponding expectation values of the electric and magnetic fields are often zero. Clearly, the description of propagation of nonclassical light requires a direct quantum mechanical treatment of the spatial progression of the field operators. This chapter outlines the main features of propagative quantum optics, and examines more particularly the treatment of propagation through a linear (refractive) medium, and across a refractive interface. In order to facilitate the discussion of the physical ideas, a plane-wave propagation geometry, which greatly simplifies the mathematical treatment, is used.
The aim of this work is to study how losses modify quantum effects in a system governed by the spatial nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Quantum effects in space, such as quantum noise, squeezing, and bunching, have been studied in a lossless case.1 We will consider the propagation of a field through a planar nonlinear waveguide,2,3 where confinement is provided in one transverse dimension (y direction) by a linear refractive index and in the orthogonal dimension (x direction) by the intensity dependence of the refractive index.1,4 Attenuation is given to the spatial distribution in the x-z plane. In this work we want to extend the dissipation approach described in Ref. 5 to a system governed by the spatiai-nonlinear Sclirodinger equation (SNLS). We use a quantum-field description1 in which the spatial variable of propagation z plays the role of the time in the standard quantum theory, and we apply it to the case of a strong plane wave that can be described as a classical field propagating through a nonlinear waveguide in the z direction.4 By using both paraxial and slowly-varying-envelope approximations, the propagation of the field in a planar waveguide is described by the NLS.1
Statistical properties of light generated in nonlinear optical couplers are discussed. Methods suitable for the description of non-classical properties of light are mentioned; special attention is paid to generalized superposition of coherent fields and noise. Regimes suitable for non-classical light generation in various types of nonlinear couplers based on second-harmonic and second- subharmonic generation, optical parametric processes, Kerr effect as well as Raman and Brillouin processes are analyzed. Special attention is devoted to the generation of light with sub-Poissonian statistics, squeezed light, and light in purely quantum states. Role of real effects like damping of optical fields and phase mismatches is also discussed.
Optical parametric process occurring in a photonic-band-gap planar waveguide is studied from the point of view of nonclassical-light generation. Nonlinearly interacting optical fields are described by the generalized superposition of coherent signals and noise using the method of quantum linear corrections to a classical strong mean-field' solution. Scattered back-propagating fields are taken into account. The possibility to generate squeezed light and light with sub-Poissonian statistics in dependence on the strength of scattering, strength of nonlinear interaction, linear and nonlinear phase mismatches as well as characteristics of the states of optical fields incident on the waveguide is discussed in detail.
The optical parametric process occurring in a photonic-band-gap planar waveguide is studied from the point of view of nonclassical-light generation. The nonlinearly interacting optical fields are described by the generalized superposition of coherent signals and noise using the method of operator linear corrections to a classical strong solution. Scattered backward-propagating fields are taken into account. Squeezed light as well as light with sub-Poissonian statistics can be obtained in two-mode fields under the specified conditions.