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Pseudospin pairing and transport in atomic Fermi gases and bilayer systems

M. P. Mink

Published Sep 12, 2012• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this Thesis we consider the behavior of the drag conductivity close to exciton condensation in bilayer systems and close to the superfluid transition in cold Fermi gases. In chapter 2 we calculate the transition temperature for exciton condensation in double-layer graphene, showing that the remote bands can play a supporting role in this transition. In chapter 3 we consider a topological insulator thin film and calculate the behavior of the drag resistivity close to the transition temperature. We find a strong enhancement which can be used as a precursor for the transition. In chapter 4 we discuss an ultracold Fermi gas close to the superconducting transition and compare two different methods to obtain the drag resistivity, each taking into account a different phenomenon which affects the drag resistivity close to the transition. Finally, in chapter 5, we present a uniform theoretical framework to determine the drag resistivity in all experimental systems considered in this Thesis.

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In this Thesis we consider the behavior of the drag conductivity close to exciton condensation in bilayer systems and close to the superfluid transition in cold Fermi gases. In chapter 2 we calculate the transition temperature for exciton condensation in double-layer graphene, showing that the remote bands can play a supporting role in this transition. In chapter 3 we consider a topological insulator thin film and calculate the behavior of the drag resistivity close to the transition temperature. We find a strong enhancement which can be used as a precursor for the transition. In chapter 4 we discuss an ultracold Fermi gas close to the superconducting transition and compare two different methods to obtain the drag resistivity, each taking into account a different phenomenon which affects the drag resistivity close to the transition. Finally, in chapter 5, we present a uniform theoretical framework to determine the drag resistivity in all experimental systems considered in this Thesis.
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We present a unified Boltzmann transport theory for the drag resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{D}}$ in two-component systems close to a second-order phase transition. We find general expressions for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{D}}$ in two and three spatial dimensions, for arbitrary population and mass imbalance, for particle- and holelike bands, and show how to incorporate, at the Gaussian level, the effect of fluctuations close to a phase transition. We find that the proximity to the phase transition enhances the drag resistivity upon approaching the critical temperature from above, and we qualitatively derive the temperature dependence of this enhancement for various cases. In addition, we present numerical results for two concrete experimental systems: (i) three-dimensional cold atomic Fermi gases close to a Stoner transition and (ii) two-dimensional spatially separated electron and hole systems in semiconductor double quantum wells.
In this Thesis, we show that in a rotating two-component Bose mixture, the spin drag between the two different spin species shows a Hall effect. This spin drag Hall effect can be observed experimentally by studying the out-of-phase dipole mode of the mixture. We determine the damping of this mode due to spin drag as a function of temperature. We find that due to Bose stimulation there is a strong enhancement of the damping for temperatures close to the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation. We also show the difference between spin drag in Bose gases, Fermi gases and Bose-Fermi mixtures. Furthermore, we investigate coupled spin and heat transport in Bose gases, and calculate the associated coefficients. Finally, we calculate the power spectrum resulting from spin current fluctuations in a Bose gas.
This thesis focuses on several examples of strongly correlated electronic quantum fluids. In chapter 2 we use a kinetic theory approach to describe the transport properties of bilayer graphene near charge neutrality. After solving the semiclassical Boltzmann equation, we find that the results are well approximated by a hydrodynamic two-fluid model. A fluid of electrons and a fluid of holes interact with each other via Coulomb drag. Chapter 3 looks at quantum Hall edges. We consider a quantum Hall edge coupled to a driven quantum dot and compute the current on the edge downstream from the contact. We show that Coulomb interactions between the dot and the edge renormalize the charge in the current pulses. Chapter 4 focuses on the bilayer quantum Hall system. Two layers of quantum Hall fluid are separated by a variable distance. At large interlayer separation, we have two well-separated composite Fermi liquids and we consider the pairing between the two layers as the interlayer separation is decreased. We propose a new trial state for this paired phase of matter and use exact diagonalization numerics to investigate this proposal.
We consider two-dimensional spin-polarized dipolar Fermi gases confined in a double-layer system and calculate the momentum transfer between the layers as a function of temperature to investigate the transport properties of the system. We use the Hubbard approximation to describe the correlation effects and the screening between the dipoles within a single layer. The effective interlayer interaction between the dipoles across the layers is obtained by the random-phase approximation. We calculate the interaction strength and the layer separation distance dependence of the drag rate, and we show that there is a critical distance below which the system is unstable. In addition, we calculate the typical behavior of the collective modes related to the density fluctuations.
In this thesis, superconductivity of fermions in two-dimensional Hubbard lattice models is theoretically studied. Each of the studied lattice structures features intriguing properties that provide valuable insight to understand superconductivity in general. While real condensed matter systems are too complicated to tackle with theoretical tools, the Hubbard model is one of the simplest quantum many-body models to possess a wide spectrum of physically relevant phenomena, from superconductivity to magnetism and topological order. Hubbard models are also interesting as they can be experimentally realized and accurately controlled by utilizing ultracold gases. The first part of the thesis explains the required theoretical background of superconductivity in the level of mean-field and linear response theories. Specifically, we primarily focus on the superfluid weight which implies the existence of the Meissner effect and dissipationless current, defining properties of superconductors. We further discuss how the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition, related to the loss of superconductivity due to the thermal fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter in high enough temperatures, can be accessed via the superfluid weight. In the second part, the main results are discussed. We show how the superconductivity of lattice models featuring dispersionless Bloch bands, so-called flat bands, can be large and originating from the quantum geometric properties of the Bloch states of the flat bands. This is in contrast to conventional dispersive bands where superconductivity is determined by the effective mass of the particles, i.e. by the dispersion relation of the Bloch bands alone and not by the Bloch states. This is well demonstrated in the Lieb lattice geometry, studied in Publication I, which features both a strictly flat and two dispersive Bloch bands, allowing direct comparison of superconductivity in dispersive and flat bands. We show how the superconductivity of the flat band is more robust than that of the dispersive bands and how the superfluid weight behaves non-monotonically as a function of the interaction strength. This non-monotonic behavior should be experimentally accessible. Flat band superconductivity is also the topic of Publication III, where the experimentally realized twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) is studied with local and non-local attractive interactions. We predict qualitative differences between local and non-local interaction schemes which could be distinguished experimentally and reveal the quantum geometric origin of superconductivity in TBG systems in case of both the assumed interaction schemes. Exotic Fulde-Ferrell (FF) superfluid phases, characterized by the non-zero momentum of Cooper pairs, were explored in Publication II. We show how the FF phases can be stabilized against thermal fluctuations in the presence of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and that topologically non-trivial FF states, created with SOC and Zeeman fields, can be found at finite temperatures.; Tassa…