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International Conference on Mechatronics and Control

A dynamic watermarking protocol for quantum images

Xianhua Song, Shen Wang, Zhenfeng Shi

Published Jul 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A universal watermarking protocol for quantum images is designed in this paper. The protocol is developed based on quantum transform (QT) and quantum add operation (QAO). Moreover, a dynamic vector is introduced to control the embedding strength in the embedding process, which is obtained through the constraint that quantum image state should keep normalized in the entire computation process. Therefore, the dynamic vector is an optimal solution of an optimization equation, which makes the watermarked image with better visual quality. Compared with the other protocols or schemes, the proposed one can improve watermarking performance of visual quality and capacity. Experiments based on flexible representation of quantum image (FRQI) and Quantum Fourier transform (QFT) illustrate the superior effectiveness of the proposed protocol.

DOI
10.1109/icmc.2014.7231673

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A universal watermarking protocol for quantum images is designed in this paper. The protocol is developed based on quantum transform (QT) and quantum add operation (QAO). Moreover, a dynamic vector is introduced to control the embedding strength in the embedding process, which is obtained through the constraint that quantum image state should keep normalized in the entire computation process. Therefore, the dynamic vector is an optimal solution of an optimization equation, which makes the watermarked image with better visual quality. Compared with the other protocols or schemes, the proposed one can improve watermarking performance of visual quality and capacity. Experiments based on flexible representation of quantum image (FRQI) and Quantum Fourier transform (QFT) illustrate the superior effectiveness of the proposed protocol.
A novel watermarking scheme for quantum image is proposed based on Quantum cosine transform (QCT). The cosine coefficients are extracted by executing QCT on quantum image. A dynamic vector for controlling embedding strength instead of a fixed parameter for embedding process in other scheme is utilized to process quantum watermark. The adder operation and the inverse QCT are implemented which offset the QCT and guarantee the embedding process having smaller impact on the quantum carrier image. Simulation results and analysis show that the proposed dynamic watermarking scheme has better visual quality under a higher embedding capacity.
As one of the important branches of quantum image processing, quantum image watermarking technology has been studied by many related personnel. However, most of them are performed in the time domain, and there are relatively few algorithms for quantum image watermarking in the transform domain. This paper proposes a quantum image watermarking technology based on quantum D4 wavelet transform, which specifically includes several aspects. Combining quantum wavelet transform and controlled-rotating gate, this paper proposed a quantum image watermarking algorithm for the modified flexible representation of quantum images (FRQIM) and the normal arbitrary superposition state (NASS). Firstly, the wavelet coefficients of the image are obtained by quantum wavelet transform, then the rotating gate is designed by the information of the watermark image, then the embedding position of the watermark image information is controlled by the controlled gate, and finally the watermark information is embedded in the carrier image by the controlled-rotating gate. This scheme makes full use of the parallelism of quantum computing and can operate on two images at the same time. The simulation results show that for different image combinations, the embedded image is not significantly different from the original image. Compared with the quantum image watermarking algorithm that uses the quantum Fourier transform, the image distortion after watermarking is smaller, and there are more options for embedding the image.
Based on the Flexible Representation for Quantum Image(FRQI),a secure quantum watermark protocol is proposed.The new protocol is enhanced in invisibility by making full use of continued-fraction algorithm.It is impossible for anyone except the copyrighter to extract and recover the water image during the protocol execution,which ensures the security of the watermark image,while also providing effective copyright certificate.Simulation results show that compared with the traditional watermark protocol,the size of watermark image reaches the maximum value and the capacity of the new protocol is expanded to eight times that of the previous protocols,and it can better measure the performance of the computation load that is executed by the protocol.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly developed nowadays, making things easier for users. However, alongside the ease of communication, several concerns arise, particularly regarding data authenticity. Security, which affects the authenticity of data, is a major concern. Quantum watermarking offers a much better solution for this problem in the next generation of technology, as it provides superior security compared to classical watermarking. In this paper, we propose a quantum watermarking method using Taylor sequence modification and rotation gates for watermark embedding. Before the embedding process, we convert the images into the quantum domain using the Flexible Representation of Quantum Images (FRQI). We then calculate the phase representation of the host and watermark pixels. Using a Taylor sequence, we modify the watermarked phase and calculate the difference between the host and watermarked phases. Several rotation gates are used to modify the host phase on the quantum circuit. At the end of the embedding process, we reconstruct the watermarked quantum images into a classical images. The experimental results demonstrated watermarking imperceptibility, represented by Peak Signal to Noise Ratio-H (PSNR-H) and watermark robustness, represented by Peak Signal to Noise Ratio-W (PSNR-W). The PSNR-H values ranged between 10–80 dB, while the PSNR-W values reached up to 20 dB. This proposed method has a unique outcome even when the PSNR-H value is infinite, the watermark can still be detected and is subjectively visible to the human eye.
In this paper, a novel frequency domain quantum watermarking scheme is proposed based on the Flexible Representation of Quantum Images, which can embed a 2n1× 2n1binary watermark image into a 2n× 2ngrayscale carrier image. The quantum Haar wavelet transform is developed and used to decompose quantum images. The diagonal detail coefficients of the carrier image are obtained from the image decomposition. Then, according to the watermark image information, the diagonal wavelet coefficients are either unchanged or slightly modified. Since all of the used quantum operations are invertible, extraction of the watermark image is performed in a straightforward manner by reversing the watermarking embedding process. Finally, the proposed quantum image watermarking scheme is simulated on a classical computer and evaluated under different carrier and watermark images. The simulation results and performance analyses indicate the high performance of the presented watermarking scheme in terms of the similarity between the watermarked and carrier images.
In order to improve the security of watermark image, a scheme of quantum watermarking algorithm which is based on chaotic affine scrambling is proposed and it includes scrambling, embedding and extracting procedures. In the embedding process, the position and the color of the watermark image are scrambled by chaotic affine and the size of the scrambled watermark image is extended from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. Meanwhile, the color value of the pixel is changed from 24-bits to 3-[Formula: see text](1-bit per channel) bits. The extended watermark image is embedded into the carrier image through a two-bit embedding strategy, and the extraction process is the inverse one of the embedding process. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is superior to the comparison scheme in terms of visual quality, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).