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Phase shifts vs time delays: Sagnac and Hong-Ou-Mandel

S. J. van Enk

Published Apr 5, 2011• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We point out that the Sagnac effect can be measured by means of the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect. The latter is not sensitive to phase shifts, and thus the Hong-Ou-Mandel Sagnac effect hinges on the fact that the Sagnac effect is, fundamentally, a time delay, not a phase shift.

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Phase shifts vs time delays: Sagnac and Hong-Ou-Mandel

S. J. van Enk

We point out that the Sagnac effect can be measured by means of the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect. The latter is not sensitive to phase shifts, and thus the Hong-Ou-Mandel Sagnac effect hinges on the fact that the Sagnac effect is, fundamentally, a time delay, not a phase shift.

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We report a prediction for the delay measured in an optical tunneling experiment using Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference, taking into account the Goos-Hänchen shift generalized to frustrated total internal reflection situations. We precisely state assumptions under which the tunneling delay measured by an HOM interferometer can be calculated. We show that, under these assumptions, the measured delay is the group delay, and that it is apparently 'superluminal' for sufficiently thick air gaps. We also show how an HOM signal with multiple minima can be obtained, and that the shape of such a signal is not appreciably affected by the presence of the optical tunneling zone, thus ruling out the explanation of the anomalously short tunneling delays in terms of a reshaping of the wavepacket as it goes through the tunneling zone. Finally, we compare the predicted tunneling delay to a relevant classical delay and conclude that our predictions involve no non-causal effect.

Optics Express•Sep 24, 2008•12 citations
Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometry with quantum states has emerged a crucial tool for precision measurement system. Here, a novel scheme for angular velocity measurement in a fiber-optic quantum gyroscope is proposed and demonstrated, based on Sagnac effect of frequency-entangled biphotons and incorporating a HOM interferometer. The time delay resulting from the rotation-induced Sagnac effect between the signal and idler photons generates a shift of HOM dip, which is proportional to the angular velocity. Consequently, a highly sensitivity and stability angular velocity measurement is achieved by monitoring the HOM dip. The sensitivity scale is measured to be 3 . 54 ± 0 . 08 fs / rad / s which is equivalent to a minimally detectable angular velocity of 28.25 ± 0.06 × 10 - 5 r a d / s 58.27 ± 0.12 ° / h with a time delay of 1 a s . The measurement stability of the continuous rotating system, in terms of time Allan deviation (TDEV), reaches 1.93 × 10 - 3 fs at an averaging time of 10,240 s. The corresponding angular velocity measurement stability reaches 55 × 10 - 5 r a d / s . This scheme holds potential for advancing the development of high-performance optical quantum gyroscopes.
In this study, we investigate how Earth's gravitational field affects Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference experiments conducted in a terrestrial laboratory. To second order, we calculate the relativistic time delay from the null geodesic equation (particle perspective), while the phase shift and the associated effective time delay are derived from the Klein-Gordon equation (wave perspective). Since gravity influences both the temporal and spatial parts of the phase shift, these two time delays differ and lead to different coincidence probabilities. The previous HOM experiment conducted on a rotating platform suggests that the wave perspective can explain the experimental results. We further explore the frame dragging and redshift effects in an arbitrarily oriented rectangular interferometer under two distinct scenarios with different photon paths, measuring one effect in each scenario. We find that both effects can be amplified by increasing the number of light loops. Additionally, we emphasize that the next-to-leading order Sagnac effect, arising from gravitational acceleration, is comparable to the Thomas precession, the geodetic effect, and the Lense-Thirring effect. To detect the leading order Sagnac effect and the redshift effect caused by gravitational acceleration, we estimate the number of loops that photons should travel in the interferometer. Furthermore, we propose that the difference between two HOM patterns can be used as a probe to detect gravitational effects on quantum systems.
We report a prediction for the delay measured in an optical tunneling experiment using Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference, taking into account the Goos-Hänchen shift generalized to frustrated total internal reflection situations. We precisely state assumptions under which the tunneling delay measured by an HOM interferometer can be calculated. We show that, under these assumptions, the measured delay is the group delay, and that it is apparently 'superluminal' for sufficiently thick air gaps. We also show how an HOM signal with multiple minima can be obtained, and that the shape of such a signal is not appreciably affected by the presence of the optical tunneling zone, thus ruling out the explanation of the anomalously short tunneling delays in terms of a reshaping of the wavepacket as it goes through the tunneling zone. Finally, we compare the predicted tunneling delay to a relevant classical delay and conclude that our predictions involve no non-causal effect.