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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Progress in cavity QED with single trapped atoms

Ryan Miller, Harry J. Kimble, B. Andreea, Kevin M. Birnbaum, A. David. Boozer, Tracy E. Northup

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on recent progress in our lab involving cavity quantum electrodynamics with optically trapped atoms. \n \nIn particular, we will focus on a recent measurement of the Vacuum-Rabi splitting for one atom strongly coupled to the field of a high finesse optical resonator. This splitting is characteristic of the normal modes in the eigenvalue spectrum of the atom-cavity system. A new Raman scheme for cooling atomic motion along the cavity axis enables a complete spectrum to be recorded for an individual atom trapped within the cavity mode, in contrast to all previous measurements in cavity QED that have required averaging over many atoms.

DOI
10.1109/iqec.2005.1561106

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We report on recent progress in our lab involving cavity quantum electrodynamics with optically trapped atoms. \n \nIn particular, we will focus on a recent measurement of the Vacuum-Rabi splitting for one atom strongly coupled to the field of a high finesse optical resonator. This splitting is characteristic of the normal modes in the eigenvalue spectrum of the atom-cavity system. A new Raman scheme for cooling atomic motion along the cavity axis enables a complete spectrum to be recorded for an individual atom trapped within the cavity mode, in contrast to all previous measurements in cavity QED that have required averaging over many atoms.
The transmission spectrum for one atom strongly coupled to the field of a high finesse optical resonator is observed to exhibit a clearly resolved vacuum Rabi splitting characteristic of the normal modes in the eigenvalue spectrum of the atom-cavity system. A new Raman scheme for cooling atomic motion along the cavity axis enables a complete spectrum to be recorded for an individual atom trapped within the cavity mode, in contrast to all previous measurements in cavity QED that have required averaging over 10(3)-10(5) atoms.
The experiments discussed in this thesis focus on the interaction of a single trapped atom with the single mode of a high-finesse optical cavity, in the regime of strong coupling. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction, after which Chapter 2 describes our recent measurements of the transmission spectrum of the atom-cavity system. The spectrum exhibits a clearly resolved vacuum-Rabi splitting, in good quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. A new Raman scheme for cooling atomic motion along the cavity axis enables a complete spectrum to be recorded for an individual atom trapped within the cavity mode, in contrast to all previous measurements of this type that have required averaging over 10^3-10^5 atoms. Chapter 3 discusses our observations of photon blockade for the transmitted light in the presence of one trapped atom. Excitation of the atom-cavity system by a first photon blocks the transmission of a second one, thereby converting an incident Poissonian stream of photons into a sub-Poissonian, anti-bunched stream, as confirmed by measurements of the photon statistics of the transmitted field. The intensity correlations of the cavity transmission also reveal the energy distribution for oscillatory motion of the trapped atom. Chapter 4 details a set of simple but necessary measurements of relevant experimental parameters such as cavity geometry, linewidth, mirror properties, birefringence, and detection efficiency. The thesis concludes with Appendix A, describing the efficient laser setup we use for our magneto-optical traps.
By integrating the techniques of laser cooling and trapping with those of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), single cesium atoms have been trapped within the mode of a small, high finesse optical cavity in a regime of strong coupling. The observed lifetime for individual atoms trapped within the cavity mode is $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approx}28\mathrm{ms}$, and is limited by fluctuations of light forces arising from the far-detuned intracavity field. This initial realization of trapped atoms in cavity QED should enable diverse protocols in quantum information science.
In order to study quantum effects such as state superposition and entanglement, one would like to construct simple systems for which the damping rates are slow relative to the rate of coherent evolution. One such system is strong-coupling cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), in which a single atom is coupled to a single mode of a high finesse optical cavity. In recent years, optical trapping techniques have been applied to the cavity QED system, allowing an individual atom to remain coupled to the cavity for long periods of time. For the purpose of future cavity QED experiments, one would like to gain as much control over the trapped atom as possible; in particular, one would like to cool the center of mass motion of the atom, to measure the magnetic field at the location of the atom, and to be able to prepare the atom in a given internal state. In the first part of this thesis, I present a scheme for driving Raman transitions inside the cavity that can be used to achieve these goals. After giving a detailed theoretical treatment of the Raman scheme, I describe how it can be implemented in the lab and discuss some preliminary experimental results. In the second part of this thesis, I present a number of simple field theory models. These models were developed in an attempt to understand some of the central ideas of theoretical physics by looking at how the ideas work in a highly simplified context. The hope is that by reducing the mathematical complexity of an actual theory, the underlying physical concepts can be more easily understood.
In recent years, remarkable advances in the science of laser cooling and trapping of atomic samples have lead to breakthroughs in quantum optics and, in particular, in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). The ability to optically trap an atom within the mode of a ultra-high finesse cavity of small mode volume for experimentally significant periods of time now allows for the continuous observation of fundamental quantum optical effects. This dissertation will focus on experiments conducted to fully characterize and exert quantum control over a strongly-coupled atom-cavity system consisting of single cesium atoms isolated by a dipole trapping in the mode of a Fabry-Perot optical resonator. In particular, we describe techniques developed and implemented for exerting coherent control over the internal and quantum motional state of these atoms using stimulated Raman processes. We also focus on the applications of this system to quantum networking and quantum information science, particularly within the context of coherently transferring quantum states from atom to quantum optical fields and back. Finally, we describe a series of measurements carried out to explore the characteristic dynamics of the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian which governs the system. This includes spectroscopic measurement of the signature vacuum Rabi splitting for strongly-coupled cavity QED as well as evidence in the time domain for coherent Rabi nutation of excitation between atom and field on resonance.