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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)

Realization of Bose-Einstein condensation in a rubidium vapor using a simple double magneto-optical trap

Yoshio Torii, Yoichi Suzuki, Mikio Kozuma, Takahiro Kuga

Published Jan 20, 2003• 0 citations

Abstract

Since the first experimental demonstration of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in an alkali-metal vapor, this subject has been attracting remarkable interests in the physics society. Hundreds of theoretical works concerning this subject have been reported so far. However, the number of reports about BEC experiments is much less than that of the theoretical works. This is because only a few experimental groups have succeeded in realizing BEC due to the experimental complexity and difficulties. The first step to create BEC in alkali-metal vapor is to collect a large number of atoms (/spl sim/-10/sup 9/) in an ultrahigh vacuum (/spl sim/10/sup 11/ torr). Recently, a double magneto-optical trap (MOT) system has been utilized for the first step. In this system, the atoms are first captured in a MOT from a vapor, and then transferred through a thin tube to the second MOT in an ultrahigh vacuum. To transfer the atoms, a pushing beam and a magnetic field are usually required to guide the atoms along the transfer tube. In the paper we report a simple double MOT system which uses neither a push beam nor a magnetic field to transfer the atoms. The atoms are transferred just by gravity. We can collect up to 2 x 10/sup 9/ rubidium atoms in the ultrahigh-vacuum MOT with this system and can achieve the BEC.

DOI: 10.1109/cleopr.1999.817743

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We design an experiment to obtain a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) using 87Rb atoms. Taking advantage of this setup, we develop a simple and efficient method to transfer atoms from a first Magneto- Optical-Trap(MOT) to a second one. Our system consists of two glass vacuum cells horizontally connected with a MOT aligned at the center of each cell. Once rubidium atoms are loaded into the first MOT, the pushig beam forces them to move forward to the second MOT. We use a near-resonant weak laser beam to make the atoms reach the second cell. MOT1 and MOT2 both run in retroreflected-three beam MOT configuration.

A rubidium double magneto-optical trap(MOT) system for Bose-Einstein condensation experiments has been set up. A slow atomic beam has been obtained with a low-velocity intense source (LVIS) and used to transfer atoms into an ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) MOT. By maintaining a pressure difference of 3 orders between LVIS-MOT and UHV-MOT, a lowest pressure of 1×10-9Pa can be achieved in UHV-MOT. The flux of the slow atomic beam is 1×109/s. About 4×108 87Rb atoms can be loaded into UHV-MOT. In this paper, maximum number of atoms captured in MOTs under two typical conditions have also been discussed.

Experimental techniques to produce and observe a Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium atoms are presented. The atoms are first optically cooled and trapped in an ultra-high vacuum (-10-11 torr) glass cell using a double magneto-optical trap, and then transferred to a “cloverleaf” magnetic trap. Rf-induced evaporation is performed to further cool the magnetically trapped atoms below the phase transition of Bose-Einstein condensation. The velocity distribution (inferred by absorption imaging) of the cooled atomic cloud clearly shows the expected bi-modal structure characteristic of a condensate

This work describes the design and construction of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) apparatus at the University of Toronto. The aim of the experiment is to create a Bose-Einstein condensate out of a vapour cloud of 87Rb atoms using a combination of laser cooling, magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling. The design and construction of all of the constituent parts necessary for the realization of these techniques are described in this work. The apparatus consists of two magneto-optical traps (MOTs, whereby the atoms are collected from a background vapour into the first MOT, and then transferred into the second MOT, which is in a region of ultra-high vacuum (

We describe our high-performance experimental apparatus for producing large atom number 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates by using a double magneto-optical trap (MOT) system that consists of a two-dimensional MOT (2D MOT) and a three-dimensional MOT (3D MOT). As an atomic beam source for loading the 3D MOT, we use a unique 2D MOT system with two-color pushing beams, which increase the loading rate and the total number of atoms in the 3D MOT, compared to a pure 2D MOT by a factor of 20. After MOT compression and polarization gradient cooling, atoms are optically pumped into a magnetically trappable hyperfine state |F = 1, m F = −1〉 to be loaded into a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration (QUIC) trap. We enhance this optical pumping process by up to 300% by using two laser beams. After rf evaporative cooling, a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with more than 2 × 107 atoms is achieved.

Since its first observation in 1995, Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) experiments in dilute gases have been performed with only a few different kinds of magnetic traps. We have performed a BEC experiment with /sup 87/Rb atoms in a Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic potential, which opens up the possibility to study, e.g., Bose-Einstein condensates released in only one dimension. Our trap consists of a clip-like coil, which generates a pure two-dimensional (2D) quadrupole field for radial confinement. The axial confinement is provided by two plane pinch coils inside the clip-coil. These two coils create a bottle field. Two additional Helmholtz coils on the same symmetry axis are used to compensate the homogeneous part of the bottle field. By continuously varying the currents through the coils, the trapping potential can be changed from a 3D spherical harmonic to a 2D linear potential. The change can be done adiabatically or nonadiabatically by switching off the axial confinement slowly, or instantaneously respectively. This opens up the possibility to study 1D nonlinear atom optics. In combination with, e.g., far detuned light sheets, a Fabry-Perot type interferometer for a condensate might be realizable. Our experiments are performed in a vacuum system with two magneto-optical traps, which serves as the source of cold atoms for the magnetic trap. 10/sup 9/ atoms are captured in less than one minute. RF-induced evaporative cooling is used to increase the phase space density of the trapped atomic cloud. The BEC phase transition occurs at a temperature of 550 nK with 10/sup 6/ particles in the trap. Pure condensates with more than 10/sup 5/ atoms were produced.