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中国物理B：英文版

Experimental demonstration of passive decoy state quantum key distribution

张阳, 王双, 银振强, 陈巍, 梁文烨, 李宏伟, 郭光灿, Han Fu

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Passive decoy state quantum key distribution(PDS-QKD) has advantages in high-speed scenarios.We propose a modified model to simulate the PDS-QKD with a weak coherent light source based on Curty’s theory [Opt.Lett.34 3238(2009)].The modified model can provide better performance in a practical PDS-QKD system.Moreover,we report an experimental demonstration of the PDS-QKD of over 22.0-dB channel loss.

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Passive decoy state quantum key distribution(PDS-QKD) has advantages in high-speed scenarios.We propose a modified model to simulate the PDS-QKD with a weak coherent light source based on Curty’s theory [Opt.Lett.34 3238(2009)].The modified model can provide better performance in a practical PDS-QKD system.Moreover,we report an experimental demonstration of the PDS-QKD of over 22.0-dB channel loss.
The decoy-state method could effectively enhance the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) with a practical phase randomized weak coherent source. Although active modulation of the source intensity is effective and has been implemented in many experiments, passive preparation of decoy states is also an important addition to the family of decoy-state QKD protocols. In this paper, following the theory of Curty et al. [Phys. Rev. A 81, 022310 (2010)], we experimentally demonstrate the phase-encoding passive-decoy-state QKD with only linear optical setups and threshold single-photon detectors. In our experiment, two homemade independent pulsed lasers, with visibility of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference $0.53(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)$, have been implemented and used to passively generate the different decoy states. Finally, a secret key rate of $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$/pulse is obtained with 10-km commercial fiber between Alice and Bob.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security verified by quantum mechanics to share keys between legitimate users. Most of the existing QKD systems employ active decoy states based on weak coherent sources (WCS). Meanwhile, parametric down-conversion (PDC) sources are seldom used due to several of their shortcomings. In the present work, to show the superiority of PDC sources, we have accomplished a proof-of-principle demonstration of a PDC source-based QKD with over 40 dB based on the one-way BB84 protocol. In this QKD system, a novel passive decoy-state scheme-secure to coherent attacks-is proposed, using several built-in decoy states for parameter estimation. This not only avoids intensity modulating errors, but also diminishes all possible information leakage from the intensity modulating process. The experimental results show a significantly enhanced performance compared with existing PDC source-based QKD systems. In addition, it exhibits some superiority even over active decoy-state QKD systems based on WCS.
Decoy states have been proven to be a very useful method for significantly enhancing the performance of quantum key distribution systems with practical light sources. Although active modulation of the intensity of the laser pulses is an effective way of preparing decoy states in principle, in practice passive preparation might be desirable in some scenarios. Typical passive schemes involve parametric down-conversion. More recently, it has been shown that phase-randomized weak coherent pulses (WCP) can also be used for the same purpose [M. Curty et al., Opt. Lett. 34, 3238 (2009).] This proposal requires only linear optics together with a simple threshold photon detector, which shows the practical feasibility of the method. Most importantly, the resulting secret key rate is comparable to the one delivered by an active decoy-state setup with an infinite number of decoy settings. In this article we extend these results, now showing specifically the analysis for other practical scenarios with different light sources and photodetectors. In particular, we consider sources emitting thermal states, phase-randomized WCP, and strong coherent light in combination with several types of photodetectors, like, for instance, threshold photon detectors, photon number resolving detectors, and classical photodetectors. Our analysis includes as well the effect that detection inefficiencies and noise in the form of dark counts shown by current threshold detectors might have on the final secret key rate. Moreover, we provide estimations on the effects that statistical fluctuations due to a finite data size can have in practical implementations.
Decoy states have recently been proposed as a useful protocol for substantially improving the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD). The passive decoy-state protocol has the advantage of easier implementation, higher transmission rate and better security compared with the active decoy-state protocol. This paper analyzes the passive decoy-state protocol with different light sources, including the lastest passive state protocol with weak coherent state (WCS) and the simple passive state protocol (AYKI) with heralded single photon source (HSPS). Based on the theoretic discussion and numerical simulation, we obtain the conclusion that the passive decoy-state protocol with HSPS is easier to implement than the passive decoy-state protocol with WCS because the latter need a hardware change but the former dose not involve any hardware change on the statnard QKD scheme. The key generation rate of the passive decoy-state protocol with WCS is better than that of the passive decoy-state protocol with HSPS, but the transmission distance is less than the latter. Anyhow, the performance of the passive scheme with a threshold detector is close to the active one.
The passive decoy scheme represents a quantum key distribution protocol that employs a photon number resolving detector to selectively extract the decoy states from the signal states during post-processing. This selection process ensures resilience against attacks capable of distinguishing between these two states, thereby enhancing the security of the protocol. Previous research has emphasized the good performance of the protocol under optimal conditions. However, our study focuses on numerically evaluating the protocol performance in various practical scenarios. We aim to understand the implications of these scenarios in terms of the maximum attainable attenuation and bit rate per second, considering the number of photons per pulse sent under specific experimental conditions. Our findings demonstrate that opting for a low average photon number value ensures high tolerance to attenuation during communication, albeit at the cost of a reduced bit rate per second. Conversely, for lower attenuations, it is more advantageous to increase the average number of photons, even if it deviates from the ideal behaviour of a single-photon source. The benefit of selecting the decoy states at the end of the transmission remains consistent across different configurations. This research signifies an advancement in assessing the viability of incorporating the protocol within a practical QKD network.