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Quantum Information and Computation

The regime of good control

J. Li, Kurt A. Jacobs

Published May 1, 2009• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We derive the equations of motion describing the feedback control of quantum systems in the regime of ``good control", in which the control is sufficient to keep the system close to the desired state. One can view this regime as the quantum equivalent of the ``linearized" regime for feedback control of classical nonlinear systems. Strikingly, while the dynamics of a single qubit in this regime is indeed linear, that of all larger systems remains nonlinear, in contrast to the classical case. As a first application of these equations, we determine the steady-state performance of feedback protocols for a single qubit that use unbiased measurements.

DOI
10.26421/qic9.5-6-3

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We derive the equations of motion describing the feedback control of quantum systems in the regime of good control", in which the control is sufficient to keep the system close to the desired state. One can view this regime as the quantum equivalent of the linearized" regime for feedback control of classical nonlinear systems. Strikingly, while the dynamics of a single qubit in this regime is indeed linear, that of all larger systems remains nonlinear, in contrast to the classical case. As a first application of these equations, we determine the steady-state performance of feedback protocols for a single qubit that use unbiased measurements.
We derive the equations of motion describing the feedback control of quantum systems in the regime of "good control", in which the control is sufficient to keep the system close to the desired state. One can view this regime as the quantum equivalent of the "linearized" regime for feedback control of classical nonlinear systems. Strikingly, while the dynamics of a single qubit in this regime is indeed linear, that of all larger systems remains nonlinear, in contrast to the classical case. As a first application of these equations, we determine the steady-state performance of feedback protocols for a single qubit that use unbiased measurements.
Feedback control of quantum systems via continuous measurement involves complex nonlinear dynamics. Except in very special cases, even for a single qubit optimal feedback protocols are unknown. Not even do intuitive candidates exist for choosing the measurement basis, which is the primary non-trivial ingredient in the feedback control of a qubit. Here we present a series of arguments that suggest a particular form for the optimal protocol for a broad class of noise sources in the regime of good control. This regime is defined as that in which the control is strong enough to keep the system close to the desired state. With the assumption of this form the remaining parameters can be determined via a numerical search. The result is a non-trivial feedback protocol valid for all feedback strengths in the regime of good control. We conjecture that this protocol is optimal to leading order in the small parameters that define this regime. The protocol can be described relatively simply, and as a notable feature contains a discontinuity as a function of the feedback strength.
Quantum feedback control is the control of the dynamics of a quantum system by feeding back (in real time) the results of monitoring that system. For systems with linear dynamics, the control problem is amenable to exact analysis. In these cases, the quantum system is equivalent to a stochastic system of classical phase-space variables with linear drift and constant diffusion, and with a measured current (e.g. a homodyne photocurrent) linear in the system variables. However, the classical evolution is constrained in order to represent valid quantum evolution. We quantify this in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) relating the drift and diffusion (a sort of zero temperature fluctuation-dissipation theorem), and another LMI for the covariance matrix of the possible conditioned states (i.e. under all possible monitoring schemes consistent with the master equation). For manipulable systems (i.e. where the experimenter has arbitrary control over the parameters in a Hamiltonian linear in the system variables) the covariance of the conditioned state is all that is needed to calculate the effectiveness of the feedback. In this case the double optimization problem reduces to a semidefinite program, which can be solved efficiently in general. We illustrate this with an example drawn from quantum optics.
Introduction In the preceding chapter we introduced quantum feedback control, devoting most space to the continuous feedback control of a localized quantum system. That is, we considered feeding back the current resulting from the monitoring of that system to control a parameter in the system Hamiltonian. We described feedback both in terms of Heisenberg-picture operator equations and in terms of the stochastic evolution of the conditional state. The former formulation was analytically solvable for linear systems. However, the latter could also be solved analytically for simple linear systems, and had the advantage of giving an explanation for how well the feedback could perform. In this chapter we develop further the theory of quantum feedback control using the conditional state. The state can be used not only as a basis for understanding feedback, but also as the basis for the feedback itself. This is a simple but elegant idea. The conditional state is, by definition, the observer's knowledge about the system. In order to control the system optimally, the observer should use this knowledge. Of course a very similar idea was discussed in Section 2.5 in the context of adaptive measurements. There, one's joint knowledge of a quantum system and a classical parameter was used to choose future measurements so as to increase one's knowledge of the classical parameter. The distinction is that in this chapter we consider state-based feedback to control the quantum system itself. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 6.2 introduces the idea of state-based feedback by discussing the first experimental implementation of a state-based feedback protocol to control a quantum state.
Feedback control in open quantum dynamics is crucial for the advancement of various coherent platforms. However, currently only a handful of feedback master equations exist in the literature, which are restricted to specific types of feedback. In this letter we first introduce a unifying framework, based on a single general equation, that describes all possible feedback schemes in sequentially (and continuously) measured systems, and from which all previous results follow. Next, we specialize it to the case of quantum jumps and introduce a new type of feedback based on the channel of the last detected jump, as well as the time elapsed since it occurred. Our description is experimentally grounded, and naturally allows for the introduction of realistic effects, such as time-delays in the feedback loop. We illustrate our results with two time-dependent feedback protocols conditioned on quantum-jump detections: one achieving population inversion of a two-level system against a thermal bath, and another enabling real-time reversal of quantum transitions, both admitting steady-state solutions.
In this paper, we analyze classical and quantum physical systems from an optimal control perspective. Specifically, we explore whether their associated dynamics can correspond to an open or closed-loop feedback evolution of a control problem. Firstly, for the classical regime, when it is viewed in terms of the theory of canonical transformations, we find that it can be described by a closed-loop feedback problem. Secondly, for a quantum physical system, if one realizes that the Heisenberg commutation relations themselves can be thought of as constraints in a non-commutative space, then the momentum must be dependent on the position for any generic wave function. This implies the existence of a closed-loop strategy for the quantum case. Thus, closed-loop feedback is a natural phenomenon in the physical world. For the sake of exposition, we give a short review of control theory, and some familiar examples at the classical and quantum levels are analyzed.