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Acta Physica Sinica

Measurement of velocity distribution for strontium atom beam by Zeeman Scanning technology

Xinliang Wang, Chen Jie, Wang Ye-Bing, Gao Feng, Shougang Zhang, Haifeng Liu, Chang Hong

Published Jan 1, 2011• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We measure the velocity distribution of the strontium atomic beam directly by Zeeman scanning technology. The most probable velocities of atomic beam before and after Zeeman deceleration are 420 m/s and 60 m/s respectively. Zeeman scanning method is much convenient than other detect ways. Because of its direct fluorescence observation, it has a high accuracy relatively.

DOI
10.7498/aps.60.103201

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We measure the velocity distribution of the strontium atomic beam directly by Zeeman scanning technology. The most probable velocities of atomic beam before and after Zeeman deceleration are 420 m/s and 60 m/s respectively. Zeeman scanning method is much convenient than other detect ways. Because of its direct fluorescence observation, it has a high accuracy relatively.
Hydrogen atoms seeded in a supersonic expansion of Kr have been decelerated from an initial velocity of 435 m s-1 to 107 m s-1 in a multistage Zeeman decelerator. The operation of the decelerator has been fully quantified by numerical particle trajectory simulations and independent measurements of the velocity distribution by ion time-of-flight mass spectrometry following photoionization of the decelerated atoms. The velocity distributions of the decelerated atom clouds have a half-width at half-maximum of 25 ± 12 m s-1 corresponding to a temperature of ∼30 mK. These velocities and temperatures are sufficiently low that magnetic trapping of the atoms can be envisaged. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.
We have developed a diagnostic tool for the study of Zeeman-compensated slowing of an alkali-metal atomic beam. Our time-of-flight technique measures the longitudinal velocity distribution of the slowed atoms with a resolution below the Doppler limit. Furthermore, it can map the position and velocity distribution of atoms in either ground hyperfine level inside the solenoid without any devices inside the solenoid. The technique reveals the optical pumping effects and shows in detail how the slowing within the solenoid proceeds. We find for Na that most atoms in the chosen hyperfine state are decelerated in the slowing process. The width of the velocity distribution is determined mainly by inhomogeneities in the slowing laser beam. Using the central most uniform part of an expanded laser beam, the width is reduced to 2.5 m/s, corresponding to 3.2 mK. Finally, we discuss and show a method to produce a beam with two-velocity components for the study of head-tail low-energy collisions.
We demonstrate a characterisation methodology for a strontium atomic beam, produced by a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap and delivered via a resonant push beam, using fluorescence spectroscopy and time-of-flight (ToF). This provides insight into the beam characteristics of a cold atom source, allowing for direct measurement of the transverse velocity spread, longitudinal velocity distributions, divergence, and the capturable flux for further cooling. From the ToF measurements, we derive a series of flux-per-longitudinal-velocity distributions at varying push saturation parameters (spushs_{\mathrm{push}}spush​) using both a unidirectional and counter-propagating resonant probe beam. A simulation-derived factor is applied to the unidirectional probe longitudinal velocity distribution to account for differences in the scattering rate scaling. The distributions are integrated up to an estimated 3D-MOT capture velocity of \SI{30}{\meter\per\second}. For our system, we find that at spush=0.45s_{\mathrm{push}} = 0.45spush​=0.45, we obtain a flux of (1.7±0.4)×108(1.7 \pm 0.4)\times10^{8}(1.7±0.4)×108 atoms/s and (1.5±0.4)×108(1.5 \pm 0.4)\times10^{8}(1.5±0.4)×108 atoms/s, using a unidirectional probe beam and counter-propagating probe, respectively. These measurements provide a framework for characterising cold atomic sources for applications such as 3D MOT loading and atom interferometers.
We report on the use of a stimulated Raman transition in a slowed atomic beam to produce a narrow velocity distribution of atoms in a selected electronic state, which could be used for atomic collisions studies in the low temperature regime(1). The velocity selection is part of the deceleration process and in this sense it is unique. The atomic beam is decelerated by the radiation pressure force exerted on the atoms by a counter- propagating laser beam. The resonance condition is maintained along the deceleration path because the changing Doppler shift is compensated by Zeeman tuning the electronic sublevels(2) with a spatialy inhomogneous magnetic field. At the end of the slowing process, the initial Maxwell-Boltzman distribution is compressed to a narrow velocity distribution (Δv ~ 50 m/s), centered close to v = 0. This velocity bunching(3) increases considerably the number of atoms in each velocity class, allowing the use of velocity selection techniques as a feasible way of studying low velocity collisions.
We measure the transverse velocity distribution in a thermal Sr atomic beam precisely by velocity-selective saturated fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of an ultrastable laser system and the narrow intercombination transition line of Sr atoms mean that the resolution of the measured velocity can reach 0.13 m/s, corresponding to 90 μK in energy units. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the results of theoretical calculations. Based on the spectroscopic techniques used here, the absolute frequency of the intercombination transition of 88Sr is measured using an optical-frequency comb generator referenced to the SI second through an H maser, and is given as 434 829 121 318(10) kHz.