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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

Optical double-resonance on single cold ions

Ingo Siemers, Bernd Appasamy, Yves Stalgies, V. Enders, Ph. W. Courteille, R. Huesmann, L.S. Ma, Werner Neuhauser, R. Blatt, P. E. Toschek

Published Dec 17, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Resonance on a weak signal line of a single cold ion appears at the maximum rate of intermittent quenching the fluorescence on a resonance line: The m=0/spl rarr/0 ground state hyperfine transition of a single /sup 171/Yb/sup +/ and the S/sub 1/2 /-D/sub 5/2/ quadrupole line of /sup 138/Ba/sup +/ may control a 12.6-GHz oscillator or 1.76-/spl mu/m laser, respectively, with less than 10/sup -16/ inaccuracy.>

DOI
10.1109/cpem.1994.333301

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Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)•Jan 22, 2003•1 citation
Resonance on a weak signal line of a single cold ion appears at the maximum rate of intermittent quenching the fluorescence on a resonance line: The m=0/spl rarr/0 ground state hyperfine transition of a single /sup 171/Yb/sup +/ and the S/sub 1/2 /-D/sub 5/2/ quadrupole line of /sup 138/Ba/sup +/ may control a 12.6-GHz oscillator or 1.76-/spl mu/m laser, respectively, with less than 10/sup -16/ inaccuracy.>
The ground-state hyperfine transitions of trapped clouds of 9Be+, 201Hg+, and 171Yb ions have been made control microwave oscillators.1-5 The frequency stability of these atomic clocks exceeds that of a primary Cs frequency standard in the short-term regime and that of a hydrogen maser for long times. Systematic perturbations derive from the members of the cloud being placed in an inhomogeneous field and showing residual motion. A single cold ion kept in the field node of an electrodynamic trap lacks these perturbations. The precise control of a standard frequency requires a narrow and weak transition whose resonance can be hardly detected by observation of the fluorescence on this line.
Excitation of the /sup 3/P/sub 0 /state is detected in optical-optical double resonance via the dark periods in the fluorescence on the fast /sup 1/S/sub 0/ /sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition. The dye laser formerly used to excite this line was recently replaced by a diode-based laser system: a grating stabilized diode at 922 nm, further frequency stabilized onto a Fabry-Perot interferometer, is seeded into a tapered amplifier. Subsequent frequency-quadrupling employing a periodically poled KTP and a BBO crystal, each placed in an external enhancement cavity, leads to the right frequency at 231 nm. For the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ /sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition a resolution of 1.3 /spl times/ 10/sup -13 /has been achieved so far, limited by the frequency instability of the Nd:YAG laser. The short-term frequency stability of this laser has been strongly improved recently. With a new laser setup a linewidth < 5 Hz (FWHM) for integration times /spl times/30 s has been achieved using active vibration isolation platforms for the reference cavity. Recent progress of that work is reported.
We describe experimental investigations of an optical frequency standard based on a single laser-cooled /sup 171/Yb/sup +/ ion confined in a radiofrequency Paul trap. The electric quadrupole transition from the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2 /(F=0) ground state to the /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/(F=2) state at 435.5 nm is used as the reference transition. The transition was resolved with a Fourier-limited width of approximately 30 Hz. In order to investigate the instability and accuracy of a future frequency standard based on the reference transition, a first experiment was done comparing two laser frequencies stabilized individually to two separate ions in different traps. As a result we found a relative frequency instability /spl sigma//sub y/(640 s)=1.5/spl middot/10/sup -15/ for the difference of the two laser frequencies. We also derived a first estimate /spl Theta/(/sup 2/D/sub 3/2/)=(3.9/spl plusmn/1.9)ea/sub 0//sup 2/ for the electric quadrupole moment of the /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ state.
A single laser cooled ion in a radiofrequency trap can serve as the basis for a highly stable optical frequency standard. We present recent results of our work on single indium ions, using the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ to /sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition at 236.5 nm wave-length as the clock transition. This resonance has a linewidth of only 0.82 Hz where systematic shifts should be controllable on the mHz level. A single In/sup +/ ion is stored in a miniature Paul-Straubel trap and laser cooled to a temperature of about 100 /spl mu/K. The clock transition is excited using a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser. A fractional resolution of 1.3/spl middot/10/sup -13/ has been achieved so far (linewidth of 170 Hz at 1267 THz). The absolute frequency of the clock transition clock transition has been measured with an uncertainty of 2/spl middot/10/sup -13/ using a frequency chain and a methane-stabilized HeNe laser as a reference, that was calibrated with a cesium clock.
We are investigating the 5s/sup 21/S/sub 0//spl rarr/5s5p/sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition of a single trapped laser-cooled /sup 115/In/sup +/ ion as a possible optical frequency standard. This line with a natural linewidth of only 1.1 Hz, corresponding to a Q factor of 1.2/spl middot/10/sup 15/, is highly immune to systematic frequency shifts due to external perturbations. For sideband laser cooling and fluorescence detection of the indium ion the 5s/sup 21/S/sub 0//spl rarr/5s5p/sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition at 230.6 nm is excited. Temperatures below 100 /spl mu/K and a mean vibrational quantum number<1 of the ion in the trap have been reached. For the clock transition a resolution of 3/spl middot/10/sup -13/ (linewidth 350 Hz) has been obtained so far, limited by the laser linewidth. The absolute frequency of the /sup 1/S/sub 0//spl rarr//sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition was measured by making a link to known reference frequencies of molecular iodine and methane using a frequency chain.